Herbicides and Fungicides Flashcards

1
Q

The carcinogenicity observed with some phenoxy herbicides is though to be due to contamination with what compound?

A

Dioxin (TCDD)

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2
Q

Toxic effects associated with phenoxy herbicide poisoning are due to:

A

Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
The caustic nature of these agents

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3
Q

The dog is the most sensitive species to toxicities associated with phenoxy herbicide poisoning exposure. What potential mechanism explains this increased sensitivity when compared to other species?

A

Decreased renal elimination leading to a longer half-life and greater exposure.

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4
Q

Paraquat toxicity differs from diquat toxicity primarily due to:

A

Selective accumulation of paraquat in the lungs.

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5
Q

Diquat and paraquat are both thought to exert a toxic effect thru the generation of what?

A

Reactive oxygen species

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6
Q

Glyphosate toxicity

A

Caused by irritating effects of anionic surfactants included in formulations

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7
Q

Glyphosate Tx

A

Decontamination and supportive care

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8
Q

Does glyphosate undergo metabolism?

A

Minimal

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9
Q

Which herbicide has a low tox but is often mixed with other herbicides and is known to be a peroxisome proliferator in rodents?

A

Dicamba

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10
Q

Major issue associated with triazine and triazole tox:

A

Grazing of livestock on recently treated pasture

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11
Q

Tox characteristic of Captan (chloroalkylthiodicarboximides)

A

Fungicide
Low protein diet can increase sensitivity to toxicosis

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12
Q

Toxicity of 2-methyoxymethylmercury chloride (metallic fungicides)

A

Immunotoxic and Neurotoxic

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13
Q

Characteristic of Thiram (carbamic acid derivatives)

A

Smells like rotten eggs
Used as an animal repellant

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14
Q

Tox signs of pentachlorophenol (halogenated substituted monocyclic aromatics)

A

Excitation and seiure caused with high acute doses

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15
Q

What are the differences between paraquat and diquat with regards to MOA?

A
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16
Q

What is the common name of glyphosate?

A

Round Up

17
Q

CS of phenoxy herbicide toxicosis

A

Myotonia
Ataxia
Posterior weakness
Vomiting
Bloody diarrhea
Metabolic acidosis

18
Q

Which is more toxic: paraquat or diquat?

A

Paraquat

19
Q

Paraquat route of exposure

A

Ingestion of commercial paraquat concentrates before use or prior to soil binding (once bound in soil = biologically unavailable)

20
Q

Paraquat Poisoning CS

A

Acute:
1. Caustic action leading to pain in the GI (vomiting/aphagia)
2. Renal failure + hepatocellular necrosis
3. Delayed dev of pulmonary fibrosis (poor prognosis)
Chronic low dose
1. Hyperplasia of type II alveolar epithelial cells
2. Healing via fibrosis (poor O2 sat)

21
Q

Paraquat Treatment

A

GI decontamination
Increase elimination
Supportive care
Guarded prognosis

22
Q

Diquat CS

A

Anorexia
GI distension
Renal impairment
CNS excitement
Convulsions

23
Q

How are animals exposed to diquat?

A

Must consume directly rather than from sprayed vegetation. Good prognosis

24
Q

Gyphosate MOA

A

Unknown

25
Q

Glyphosate toxicokinetics

A

Poorly absorbed dermally and orally in mammals
Undergoes minimal metabolism
Excreted largely unchanged

26
Q

Glyphosate CS

A

Hypersalivation
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Lethargia
Good prognosis- wide safety margin

27
Q

Uses of triazines and triazoles

A

commercial ag

28
Q

Most common triazine

A

atrazine

29
Q

Species most sensitive to triazine and triazole

A

Sheep and cattle
Companion animals at low risk

30
Q

Pentachlorophenol exposure

A

Treated wood: aerosolized when burning, inhalation exposure
Dermal absorption high

31
Q

Chromated copper arsenate exposure

A

Pressure treated wood
Tox observed in livestock ingesting ash of burned treated lumber. Arsenic is liberated during burning process

32
Q

Thiram exposure

A

used as a crop protectant fungicide or animal repellant
Sulfur odor > flatulence