Herbicides 1

Question 1

example of a phenoxy?

Answer 1

2,4-D, MCPA

Question 2

example of a triazine?

Answer 2

atrazine

Question 3

example of an amide?

Answer 3

diphenamid

Question 4

example of a phenyl urea

Answer 4

monuron

Question 5

example of a carbamate

Answer 5

chloropham

Question 6

example of a thiocarbamate

Answer 6

triallate

Question 7

example of a dinitroanaline

Answer 7

benefin

Question 8

example of a dipyridyl

Answer 8

paraquat

Question 9

example of a phthalamic acid

Answer 9

dinseb

Question 10

example of a benzoic acid

Answer 10

dicamba

Question 11

example of a chloro aliphatic

Answer 11

mecoprop

Question 12

example of a glyphosphate

Answer 12

roundup

Question 13

example of a picolinic acid

Answer 13

picrolam (tordon)

Question 14

what is the post harvest interval?

Answer 14

how long it takes for residues to disappear on the crop so that cows can go back to eating it; may taste the residues in milk, they may be carcinogenic

Question 15

what are the clinical manifestations of the typical herbicide?

Answer 15

depression, anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, muscle spasms

Question 16

what are the postmortem manifestations of a typical herbicide?

Answer 16

lung congestion, liver congestion, milk hemorrhage, increased redness in organs; few residues in tissues

Question 17

the typical herbicide has a low environmental impact

Answer 17

ya

Question 18

mechanism of action of phenoxy herbicides?

Answer 18

1. uncouples oxphos–>released E–>increases heat–>fever
2. reduced ribonuclease synthesis
3. muscle damage
4. targets gibberellic acid–>hormone found only in plants and fungi
   broad spectrum

Question 19

what are the forms of 2,4 D, and some properties?

Answer 19

acid, water insoluble; ester, water insoluble, volatile; amine, water soluble, not volatile;

Question 20

kinetics of phenoxy herbicides?

Answer 20

well absorbed; easily metabolized through hydrolysis–>rapid elimination; excreted unchanged in the urine (good for measuring exposure); half life~ 18 h; amine form must be ingested as it is water insol

Question 21

clinical manifestations of phenoxy herbicides

Answer 21

GIT effects–> vomiting, diarrhea; some neurological–> ataxia, weakness, myotonia

Question 22

2,4-D pathology

Answer 22

non-specific (congestion, puffy liver)

Question 23

2,4 - D treatment

Answer 23

-activated charcoal; wash

Question 24

2,4 - D in public health?

Answer 24

thought to initiate/promote Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (tumor of B lymphocytes); limited tissue residues; teratogenic; immunoteratogen (damaged immune system in full-grown mouse pups); immunostimulant of B lymphocytes

Question 25

examples of Dipyridyl Herbicides

Answer 25

paraquat, diquat, aziquat, etc

Question 26

paraquat general info

Answer 26

highly toxic, acute toxicity only, not persistent

Question 27

kinetics of dypryidyl herbicides?

Answer 27

distribution–> lungs
excretion –> urine, unchanged
short half life

Question 28

mechanism of action of dipyridyl herbicides?

Answer 28

travels to lung–>reduced to a free rad–>oxidized to a superoxide free rad->lipid peroxidation

Question 29

glyphosphate/roundup general info

Answer 29

broad spectrum, targets photosynthesis; non-volatile, low toxicity, no residue/environmental threat;

Question 30

effects of glyphosphate

Answer 30

a mild irritant; not carcinogenic/teratogenic; possible immune-mediated effects

Question 31

why is roundup/glyphosphate an ideal herbicide?

Answer 31

fasting acting, no residues, low toxicity

Question 32

what is picloram, what is its persistency?

Answer 32

a picolonic acid derivative; persistent–2 year, excreted unchanged in the urine

Question 33

picloram toxicity?

Answer 33

eye irritation; mild reproductive effects; mild teratogenicity

Question 34

picloram environmental issues?

Answer 34

no bioconcentration; some aquatic toxicity; use is restricted