Cadmium

Question 1

Cd interacts with Zn BIG TIME

Answer 1

YUS

Question 2

what does Cd interact with?

Answer 2

Zn

Question 3

Absorption of Cd

Answer 3

mainly resp, a bit gastrointestinal

Question 4

what are the factors affecting Cd absorption

Answer 4

• smoking
• protein (Cd loves SH groups)
• Ca
• Fe
• Cu, Zn
• Vits C and D
• Age
• Sex

Question 5

Treatment for Cd poisoning?

Answer 5

Zn2+–> displaces Cd

Question 6

Envirokinetics of Cd?

Answer 6

persistent in soil

Question 7

Distribution of Cd

Answer 7

liver–60% of body urden
kidney–30%
spleen, pancreas, and testes

Question 8

Can Cd cross the placenta?

Answer 8

no; therefore, little accumulation in fetus

Question 9

how is Cd excreted?

Answer 9

mostly through urine; majorly in feces; breast milk, hair, sweat, and bile (bile only AFTER saturation)

Question 10

Biological effects of Cd (subcellular effects)

Answer 10

• Interacts with cell membranes–with phospolipids, Ca and Mg interactions, and Na/K ATPase activity
• Inhibits nucleic acid synth–inhibs DNA-dependent RAN pol
• inhibits ribosome and proein synth
• has microsomal enzyme activity–inhibits CYP450
• in the mito, inhibs ferrochetalase and oxidative metabolism
• ramps up carb metabolism (increases activity for glucose synthesis enzymes)–> leads to hyperglycemia and glycosuria
• interacts with enzymes with SH

Question 11

what are the biological effects of Cd?

Answer 11

1. anemia–microcytic, hypochromic; interacts with vit C–> needed for the uptake of iron
2. CNS–minimal; Cd displaces Ca2+ which is needed for AP
3. Lung-major; acute exposure leads to pulm edema–>proliferation of cells–>fibrosis–>scar tissue; makes it more difficult to get adequate gas exchange;
   chronic exposure leads to emphysema and cardiac hypertrophy
4. CV–hypertension (high BP)
5. Kidney (target organ) acute? chronic–beta2-microglobulin, decreases EPO–>can’t make enough RBCs
6. Liver–reversible damage
7. Repro–ovary and testis (major) – necrosis (mostly testes); vascular damage–>helps keep sperm warm–>no proper blood flow–>sperm die

Question 12

minor affects of Cd

Answer 12

1. immunosuppresion
2. mutagenesis
3. carcinogenesis–mainly prostate cancer and Leydig cell tumors (in testes)
4. teratogenesis–embryotoxic–little placental transfer but damages placenta–no good O2/nutrient transfer; similar to terat effects of diabetes

Question 13

Risk assessment for Cd

Answer 13

High risk groups– 1. Young

2. Pregnant women
3. women in general
4. smokers

Question 14

describe itai-itai disease

Answer 14

Cd contamination of rice; mostly women and children were affected–>declacification of bones, fractures, deformities, osteomalacia “like” (softening of bone), intense pain;
there was also kidney dysfunction–>protein uria
vit D deficiency
low calcum–Cd displacing Ca