Hepatobiliary Flashcards
Where is appendicitis pain?
Central then moves to the right iliac fossa
Where is the appendix?
Arises from the caecum with a single opening that connects it to the bowel
Where do the pathogens in appendicitis get trapped?
Get trapped due to obstruction at the point where the appendix meets bowel
What are the clinical signs in appendicitis?
- Tenderness at McBurney’s point (1/3 from ASIS to umbilicus)
- Rovsing’s sign: palpation in LIF causes pain in RIF
- Guarding
- Rebound tenderness in RIF: increased pain when suddenly releasing the pressure of deep palpation
- Percussion tenderness
What is the diagnostic test for appendicitis?
CT
If clinical presentation +ve but investigations -ve then diagnostic laparoscopy +/- appendicectomy
How does bowel obstruction cause hypovolaemia?
The GI tract secretes fluid that is later absorbed in the colon but in obstruction fluid cannot reach the colon and so cannot be reabsorbed. There is fluid loss from the intravascular space into the GI tract so hypovolaemia and shock (third spacing). The higher up the obstruction, the greater the fluid losses
What are the causes for small bowel obstruction?
Adhesions (surgery, peritonitis, infections, endometriosis, congenital, radiotherapy)
Hernias
Diverticular disease
What are the causes for large bowel obstruction?
Malignancy
Volvulus
Diverticular disease
What are the upper limits of bowel diameter?
Small bowel: 3cm
Colon: 6cm
Caecum: 9cm
How do you differentiate small bowel from large bowel on an X-ray?
Small bowel has valvulae conniventes (mucosal folds) which are seen across the full width of small bowel.
Large bowel has haustra (pouches formed by muscle) and they do not extend the full width of the bowel.
What is shown on VBG/ABG in bowel obstruction?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the first line investigation in bowel obstruction?
Abdominal X-ray
What is the diagnostic investigation for bowel obstruction?
Contrast abdominal CT
What is the management of bowel obstruction?
Initial: drip and suck (nil by mouth, IV fluids, NG tube)
Definitive: surgery.
Which part of the bowel does ileus affect?
Small bowel
What causes ileus?
Injury to bowel
Handling during surgery
Inflammation/infection
Electrolyte disturbance: hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia
How does ileus present?
Same as bowel obstruction
How do you differentiate between ileus and bowel obstruction?
Ileus has absent bowel sounds whereas bowel obstruction has tinkling in early.
What is the management of ileus?
Nil by mouth
NG tube if vomiting
IV fluids
TPN if required.
What are the main types of volvulus?
Sigmoid (most common) and caecal (tends to affect younger patients)
What is a key cause of sigmoid volvulus?
Chronic constipation (colon becomes overloaded with faeces, sinks downwards causing a twist)
What is a volvulus?
The bowel wraps around itself and the mesentery it is attached to
What are risk factors for volvulus?
Neuropsychiatric disorders e.g. PD, schizophrenia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Chronic constipation
High fibre diet
Pregnancy
Adhesions
How does volvulus present
Same as bowel obstruction