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VIRAL SEROLOGY > Hepatitis A- Entero virus 72 > Flashcards

Hepatitis A- Entero virus 72 Flashcards

1
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A
  • Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by infection with various viral agents.
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2
Q

What is the primary characteristic of Hepatitis A infection?

A
  • An acute type of infection.
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3
Q

Does Hepatitis A result in chronic infection, and why is it often considered “less fatal”?

A
  • Hepatitis A does not result in chronic infection.
  • And it is considered “less fatal” because it is a self-limited disease.
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4
Q

To which family of viruses does Hepatitis A belong, and what is its other name?

A
  • Belongs to the family of Picornaviruses (Picornaviridae) and is also known as “Entero Virus 72.”
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5
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis A (HAV)?

A
  • MOT: Fecal oral route –viral antigen release in the small intestine.
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6
Q

Does Hepatitis A have a vaccine available?

A
  • Yes, there is a vaccination for Hepatitis A.
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7
Q

What is the structural composition of the Hepatitis A virus?

A
  • It is composed of viral capsids which are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral shape.
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8
Q

What type of genetic material does the Hepatitis A virus possess?

A
  • It has a single-stranded RNA.
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9
Q

What is the most common cause of hepatitis with easy transmission?

A
  • Hepatitis A, also known as Infectious Hepatitis, is the most common cause and is easily transmitted.
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10
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?

A
  • The incubation period for Hepatitis A ranges from 15 to 50 days, with an average of 28 days.
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11
Q

Does Hepatitis A produce a coat protein?

A
  • No, unlike Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis A does not produce a coat protein.
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12
Q

What distinguishes the onset of Hepatitis A from Hepatitis B (HBV)?

A
  • Has an abrupt onset, and it is known for its short incubation period.
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13
Q

Is Hepatitis A detectable using a serum?

A
  • It is not detectable in the same way as Hepatitis B.
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14
Q

Which virus is the exception among the following options: HEpatitis a, b, c, d?

A
  • Hepatitis B is the exception; it is not an RNA virus.
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15
Q

How can the mode of transmission occur for hepatitisA infection?

A

A: The mode of transmission for this infection can occur through:

a. Close person-to-person contacts with an infected person.
b. Sexual contact with an infected person, especially through direct anal contact, which is more common in homosexual sex.
c. Ingestion of contaminated food or drinks.

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16
Q

Who is at risk of Hepatitis A when traveling to certain regions?

A
  • Travelers to regions with intermediate or high rates of Hepatitis A
17
Q

Who is at risk of Hepatitis A through sexual contact?

A
  • Sex contacts of infected persons, particularly those engaging in anal sex, are at risk.
18
Q

Which group of individuals is more susceptible to Hepatitis A?

A
  • Men who have sex with men
19
Q

Who else may be at risk due to close contact with infected individuals?

A
  • Household members and caregivers of infected persons
20
Q

What is a risk factor for Hepatitis A among some drug users?

A
  • Users of both infected and non-infected illegal drugs
21
Q

Are there specific medical conditions that increase the risk of Hepatitis A?

A
  • Persons with clotting factor disorders
22
Q

Is it possible for Hepatitis A to be transmitted in the blood?

A
  • Yes, This is rare and typically occurs when a patient has a severe Hepatitis A infection that reaches the blood (viremia).
23
Q

How else can Hepatitis A be transmitted through blood?

A
  • Through activities such as sharing needles.
24
Q

During the first 15 days of a Hepatitis A infection, where are the viral antigens or protein coat primarily found?

A
  • The viral antigens or protein coat are shed off in the intestines
25
Q

What is the recommended method for detecting antigens in the stool of suspected Hepatitis A patients during the early stage of infection?

A
  • By collecting a stool sample.
26
Q

At what point during a Hepatitis A infection do antibodies start to be produced, and where are these antibodies found?

A
  • During the 2nd week of infection.
  • These antibodies are produced in the circulation and are present in the serum or plasma:
    IgM is the first to be manufactured or to be produced
    Followed by IgG
27
Q

What is a marker of infection for Hepatitis A?

A
  • Early shedding of the virus in stool, which can be detected by the presence of Hepatitis A antigen.
28
Q

What is the significance of the appearance of IgM Anti-HAV with the onset of symptoms?

A
  • The appearance of IgM Anti-HAV with the onset of symptoms indicates an infection with Hepatitis A virus (HAV).
29
Q

Why does the plasma or serum become noticeably icteric during hepatic disorders?

A
  • The icteric (yellow) discoloration of plasma or serum is due to an increase in bilirubin, which is a common characteristic of hepatic disorders.
30
Q

What are the liver-specific markers that significantly elevate during an infection?

A
  • The liver-specific markers that significantly elevate during an infection are ALT (SGPT).
31
Q

Which markers besides ALT and SGPT may increase during an infection?

A
  • SGOT and nucleotides may also increase during an infection.
32
Q

What could a noticeably icteric plasma or serum sample indicate in terms of infection markers?

A
  • Potential infection with hepatitis.
33
Q

What does the development of Anti-HAV IgG indicate in the context of infection?

A
  • Immunity following recovery from Hepatitis A virus infection.
34
Q

What is the primary purpose of the ELISA indirect method for detecting antibodies?

A
  • Indirect method is to detect the presence of antibodies in a sample.
35
Q

When is the Direct ELISA method typically used?

A
  • Typically used when the detection of a specific antigen is needed.
36
Q

What does it indicate when IgM anti-HAV is positive in serology?

A
  • A positive IgM anti-HAV indicates an acute Hepatitis A infection.
37
Q

What is the serological profile for an individual with an acute Hepatitis A infection?

A
  • IgM anti-HAV: + (Positive)
  • IgG anti-HAV: - (Negative)
38
Q

What is the serological profile for an individual immune Or old infection to Hepatitis A?

A
  • IgM anti-HAV: - (Negative)
  • IgG anti-HAV: + (Positive)
39
Q

What is the serological profile during the incubation period or in the absence of a Hepatitis A infection?

A
  • IgM anti-HAV: - (Negative)
  • IgG anti-HAV: - (Negative)

VIRAL SEROLOGY (14 decks)

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