Hepatic & Immunity Flashcards
This kind of immunity responds to foreign invaders without prior exposure. It can be characterized as a quick response and a first line of defense.
Natural/innate
This kind of immunity refers to the immunologic defenses developed by the person’s own body (i.e. from prior illness).
Active acquired immunity
This kind of immunity is a temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity from previous disease or immunization (e.g. through breast milk).
Passive acquired immunity
These are symptoms of what infection?
HIV
Systemic symptoms of this infection
TB
How does liver impairment affect the following functions of the liver (increase or decrease)?
Glucose metabolism
Ammonia conversion
Protein metabolism
Fat metabolism
Vitamin and Iron Storage
Bile formation
Bilirubin excretion
Drug metabolism
Clotting factors
-Glucose:(hypo OR hypergycemia
-Ammonia conversion ↑
-Protein metabolism ↓
Fat metabolism & absorption ↓
Vitamin and Iron Storage ↓
Bile formation ↓
Bilirubin ↑
Drug metabolism ↓
Clotting factors ↓ – so time to clot ↑
What stage of Hepatic Encephalopathy is this:
Normal level of consciousness with periods of lethargy and euphoria; reversal of day-night sleep patterns. Impaired writing and ability to draw line figures. Normal EEG.
Stage 1
What stage of Hepatic Encephalopathy is this:
Stuporous; sleeps most of the time; marked confusion; incoherent speech; asterixis; increased deep tendon reflexes, rigidity of extremities. EEG markedly abnormal.
Stage 3
What stage of Hepatic Encephalopathy is this:
Increased drowsiness; disorientation; inappropriate behavior; mood swings; agitation; asterixis; fetor hepaticus. Abnormal EEG with generalized slowing.
Stage 2
Neurological condition that causes involuntary flapping of the wrists and fingers. Also known as flapping tremor.
Asterixis
A condition where the breath has a musty smell, sometimes like garlic or rotten eggs
Fetor hepaticus
What stage of Hepatic Encephalopathy is this:
Comatose; may not respond to painful stimuli; absence of asterixis; absence of deep tendon reflexes; flaccidity of extremities. EEG markedly abnormal.
Stage 4
Permanent scarring of the liver that is caused by chronic inflammation or necrotic injury. Normal liver tissue is replaced with fibrotic tissue that lacks function.
Cirrhosis
In these types of viral hepatitis, the route of transmission is fecal-oral. It can be contracted after ingestion of contaminated food or water, or during anal sex.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E
These types of viral hepatitis are contracted from dirty needs or sex.
Hepatitis B, C
Signs and Symptoms of hepatitis
Flu-like: Fever, Fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain
Dark-colored urine, clay colored stool, jaundice
The liver enzyme may be elevated or normal in hepatitis
ALP
This type of hepatitis is contracted as a co-infection with Hep B
Hepatitis D
Patient position for a liver biopsy
Supine during the procedure. After, right side-lying position for several hours. This position compresses the liver capsule against the chest wall, therefore, decreasing the risk of bleeding.
True or false: following a liver biopsy, the nurse applies pressure to the puncture site.
True
Following a liver biopsy, dyspnea, cyanosis, and/or restlessness may indicate what potential complication?
Pneumothorax due to accidental puncture of the pleura or lung
True or False: following a liver biopsy, the nurse should instruct the patient to do deep breathing and coughing.
False: the patient should avoid coughing and straining to prevent increased intraabdominal pressure and bleeding
Combination therapy with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin is the preferred treatment for this type of viral hepatitis
Hepatitis C
No medications are recommended for acute infection with these types of viral hepatitis (supportive care only)
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis E
