Cardiovascular

Question 1

PVD/PAD
Treatment

Answer 1

-Keep patient warm
-Encourage smoking cessation
-Pain management
-Exercise
-Maintain tissue integrity

Question 2

Preload is a measurement of ____

Answer 2

volume

Question 3

Afterload is a measurement of _____

Answer 3

pressure

Question 4

Heart drugs that affect contraction

Answer 4

Inotropic

Question 5

Heart drugs that affect conduction

Answer 5

Dromotropic

Question 6

Conduction starts at the ____ node

Answer 6

SA

Question 7

Bradycardia
Treatment

Answer 7

Treat the cause
Atropine
Pacemaker

Question 8

Tachycardia
Treatment

Answer 8

Treat the cause
Vagal maneuvers (bear down)
Adenosine
Cardioversion
Medications (beta blockers)

Question 9

Atrial fibrillation
Causes

Answer 9

HTN, aging, diabetes, valvular heart disease, MI, hypothyroidism, OSA, smoking, ETOH use

Question 10

pain at rest with reversible ST elevation is known as ____ angina

Answer 10

variant

Question 11

Angina
Triggers

Answer 11

-Physical exertion
-Exposure to cold/vasoconstriction
-Heavy meals (increases blood flow to digestion, reduces blood flow to heart)
-Stress

Question 12

Angina
Symptoms

Answer 12

Ischemia, radiating pain to
arm, neck and jaw, tightness feeling in throat and chest,
weakness, numbness

Question 13

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate =

Answer 13

Cardiac Output

Question 14

What is the amount of blood ejected into the aorta during systole

Answer 14

Stroke Volume

Question 15

On an EKG, ventricular contraction occurs during the ___ complex

Answer 15

QRS

Question 16

How to assess if a patient experiencing bradycardia or tachycardia is stable?

Answer 16

Signs of Good Perfusion:
-No pulse deficit
-Capillary refill >3 s

Question 17

Administration of adenosine

Answer 17

-Administer IV
-Half life is so short you have to flush right after to push the adenosine to the heart before it wears off
-Adenosine temporarily stops heart so it can “reset” (around 6 seconds)

Question 18

Top cause of ischemic stroke

Answer 18

A fib
(Atrial fibrillation)

Question 19

How to identify A fib on EKG

Answer 19

-No P Wave (or unclear if there is a P wave)

Question 20

The following are symptoms of Peripheral ____ Disease:
-Sharp pain
-Cool legs
-Gangrene

Answer 20

Sharp pain, cool legs, and gangrene are symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD).

Question 21

The following are symptoms of Peripheral ____ Disease:
-Dull achy pain
-Edema
-Warm legs

Answer 21

Dull achy pain, edema, and warm legs are symptoms of Peripheral Venous Disease.

Question 22

Peripheral Vascular Disease is composed of _____ and ______

Answer 22

Peripheral Arterial Disease
Peripheral Venous Disease

Question 23

Venous Ulcers vs Arterial Ulcers

Answer 23

Venous ulcers tend to weep (comes from edema/interstitial fluid)

Arterial ulcers tend to look “punched out”

Question 24

Dull, aching muscle pain in the legs during activity caused by poor circulation (esp. PAD)

Answer 24

Intermittent Claudication

Question 25

What BP qualifies you for Stage 1 HTN?

Answer 25

130-139 OR 80-89

Question 26

What BP qualifies you for Stage 2 HTN?

Answer 26

>140 or >90

Question 27

SBP > 180 and/or DBP > 120

Answer 27

Hypertensive Urgency (asymptomatic) or Hypertensive Emergency *(symptomatic)

Question 28

This kind of heart failure involves weakened heart muscle that doesn't contract as strongly. Ejection fracture is reduced

Answer 28

Systolic

Question 29

This kind of heart failure involves stiff and noncompliant heart muscle. Ventricles fill with less blood reducing cardiac output.

Answer 29

Diastolic

Question 30

This kind of heart failure involves edema weight gain JVD

Answer 30

Right-sided (Right ventricle is not pumping properly, so blood flows back into the body)

Question 31

The kind of heart failure involves crackles (fluid in lungs) decreased oxygenation/perfusion

Answer 31

Left-sided (Left ventricle is not pumping properly, so blood flows back into the lungs)

Question 32

What -compares the amount of blood in the heart to the amount of blood that is pumped out and -helps describe how well the heart is pumping blood back to the body

Answer 32

Ejection fracture

Question 33

First line treatment for chronic CHF

Answer 33

ACE inhibitor/ARB

Question 34

First line treatment for acute exacerbation of CHF

Answer 34

Diuretic (e.g. Lasix)

Question 35

Stages of ______ Class I: No limitation to physical activity. Class II: Exertion causes SOB Class III: ADLs cause SOB Class IV: SOB at rest

Answer 35

Stages of Heart Failure

Question 36

Earliest marker of injury to cardiac or skeletal muscle. Levels no longer evident after 24 hr.

Answer 36

Myoglobin

Question 37

Peaks around 24 hr after onset of chest pain. Levels no longer evident after 3 days.

Answer 37

Creatine kinase-MB

Question 38

Any positive value indicates damage to cardiac tissue and should be reported. Levels no longer evident for approximately after 10 days.

Answer 38

Troponin I or T

Question 39

ST depression and/or T-wave inversion indicates presence of _____

Answer 39

ischemia

Question 40

This type of angina occurs with exercise or emotional stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.

Answer 40

Stable angina

Question 41

This type of angina occurs with exercise or at rest, but increases in occurrence, severity, and duration over time.

Answer 41

Unstable (preinfarction) angina

Question 42

This type of angina is due to a coronary artery spasm, often occurring during periods of rest.

Answer 42

Variant (Prinzmetal/vasoplastic) angina

Question 43

In this type of MI, there are ST segment elevations in 2 separate leads

Answer 43

STEMI

Question 44

In this type of MI, there are no significant ECG changes or persistent ST elevations

Answer 44

NSTEMI

Question 45

This type of scan asesses for ischemia or necrosis. Radioisotopes cannot reach areas with decreased or absent perfusion, and the areas appear as “cold spots.”

Answer 45

Thallium scan

Question 46

What to do for an acute episode of angina

Answer 46

Stop activity and rest. Place a nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue to dissolve If pain is unrelieved in 5 min, call 911 Up to two more doses of nitroglycerin can be taken at 5-min intervals.

Question 47

Contraindications for heparin/enoxaparin

Answer 47

Active bleeding, peptic ulcer disease, history of stroke, recent trauma

Question 48

A medical treatment that uses quick, low-energy shocks to restore a regular heart rhythm. Usually performed during a scheduled appointment but may also be used on an emergency basis.

Answer 48

Cardioversion