Henry VIII - The Pilgrimage of Grace Flashcards
When did Wolsey die and what was he on trial for?
1530 for treason and premunire (undermining the Crown by resorting to a foreign court of security) because he couldn’t get the annulment through
What was the significance of Henry marrying Anne and coronating her and this being recognised by Cranmer in 1533?
Ignoring Pope’s power by remarrying even though the Pope hadn’t accepted their annulment, esp since Cranmer was Archbishop of Canterbury
What did the First Act of Succession say in 1534?
Mary was illegititmate, Elizabeth and Anne’s other children were legitimate. Treason to deny/attack 2nd marriage
What did the 1534 Act of Supremacy say?
Henry supreme Head of the Church
gave him right to carry out visitations
ordered that first truits and 10ths go to the crown
made calling monarchs heretics/schismatics treason
When was the Valorus Ecclesiasticus published? What was it?
June 1535. The results of a commission for the valuation for all church property
When was the order given for smaller churches to be dissolved? Why not larger churches?
1536 for churches with less than £200 pa income because they were corrupt while bigger churches were praised for doing their jobs properly and weren’t in danger of dissolution
When did the dissolution of larger monasteries start and end?
Started in 1538, last monastery in Essex dissolved in March 1540
How much monastic wealth was spent on poor relief?
~5%
How many monks and nuns lost their homes and pensions?
9,000
How much did the Dissolution of Monasteries contribute to Royal Revenue?
£100,000 pa but by end of Henry’s reign 50% monastic land had been sold off
What happened to More and Fisher?
They refused to swear the Oath to the Act of Succession and were both executed in 1535
How much opposition was there to the Henrician Reformation?
most clergy took oaths, a few monks didn’t
18 were from the same Carthusian monastery, Charterhouse –> executed
65 people executed for treason 1534-39
What were the key events of the Lincolnshire Uprising?
2nd Oct - Bishop of Louth arrived to carry out visitation
Men of Louth marched to capure commissioners
3rd Oct - 3,000 people met at Louth + gov commissioners fled
Chancellor of Bishop of Lincoln killed
10,000 rebels marched to Lincoln and nobles fled
Drew up a set of articles and sent it to London
10th Oct - received threat from King if they continued
11th Oct - Gentry asked Suffolk for a pardon and commons disbanded w/o gentry
What were the events of the PoG in East Yorkshire?
Began in Beverley on 10th Oct
16th Oct - had gathered 10,000 and taken over York
restored 2 religious houses + Aske issued proclamation of peace
19th Oct - captured Hull and Pontefract Castle which Lord Darcy tried to defend but eventually joined rebels
What were the events of the PoG in North Yorkshire?
11th Oct - rose up w/ support from leading nobility e.g. Lord Latimer, Sir Christopher Derby
Captured Barnard Castle and met up with Aske
16th Oct - rebellion broke out in Westmorland
21st Oct - rebel army beseiged Skipton Castle where Earl of Cumberland was trapped
What evidence suggests that this was a serious rebellion?
9 rebel hosts across the North, answering to Aske
covered most of North and North East England
30,000 rebels, some with military experience
support from northern gentry
Which area remained loyal to the Crown and why?
Lancashire because Earl of Derby remained loyal to Henry as he had been given lots of power, helped put rebels down
How did Henry deal with the PoG?
23rd Oct - Norfolk and Earl of Shrewsbury marched with 8,000 men –> very outnumbered
27th Oct - met rebels at Pontefract - wrote 5 articles and sent them to King who send an angry reply
Drew up 24 articles and gave them to Norfolk
6th Dec - met Norfolk at Doncaster and asked for pardon which was granted –> started disbanding
8th Dec - Aske went to London, treated courteously
When was Bigod’s rising and why did it happen?
Jan 1537 - some rebels realised they’d been tricked
Rising led by Francis Bigod (erastian) - captured Beverley but only few 100 rebels joined
Feb - Bigod captured
16th Feb - rebels attacked Carlisle but put down by Christopher Dacre
How did Henry take advantage of Bigod’s rising?
used it as an excuse to punish all rebels as it happened after the pardon
Carlisle rebels hanged
Some gentry turned against rebels to avoid punishment
144 people including Aske, Bigod, Hussey and Percy executed
What were the causes for the Lincolnshire rebellion?
economic - Act of Uses, 1434 subsidy
political - taking council of people of ‘low birth’ and ‘small reputation’ e.g. Cromwell/Richard Rich
religious - ‘suppression of religious houses’, bishops who had ‘falsified the faith of Christ’ e.g. bishop of Canterbury and Rochester
What were the causes of the PoG?
religious - 9/24 Pontefract Articles were religious, triggered by dissolution of smaller monasteries, banner w/wounds of Christ, ‘pilgrimage’, wanted care of souls returned to See of Rome
political - wanted Parliament in the North, northern nobility e.g. Hussey, Northumberland, Lord Darcy involved, Act of Uses, wanted to restore Mary to succession, removal of Richard Rich/Cromwell
social/economic - new taxes hit North hard due to bad harvests, complaints about enclosure, 1934 subsidy
What were the strengths of Aske’s leadership?
he put forward the ‘pilgrimage’ title - gave it legitimacy and showed it was peaceful
forbade violence and disorder
good use of communication and organisation of large numbers of people
wrote Pontefract Articles by getting representatives from each host to discuss demands and Pilgrim captains to finalise them - representative demands
Aske spoke to Norfolk on behalf of rebels
What were Aske’s weaknesses?
he was too idealistic - stayed loyal to Henry
rebels wanted to overthrow Norfolk’s army (which they could have) but Aske wouldn’t allow it - said they could trust Norfolk
