Elizabeth I - The 9 Years' War of Independence

Question 1

What created personal enmity between Banegal and Tyrone?

Answer 1

Tyrone eloped with Banegal’s sister after he refused to allow them to marry

Question 2

What happened to Hugh O’Donnell in the 1590s?

Answer 2

he was kidnapped and imprisoned by English to make his father concede to English rule
he escaped and began plotting against the English

Question 3

What happened in May 1593?

Answer 3

Hugh Maguire launched attack on English officials, Tyrone ordered by Russell to arrest him but refused
Maguire attacked English base in Ulster and Tyrone forced to help Banegal arrest him in Oct 1593
didn’t think Banegal acknowledged his help and wanted overall charge of Ulster to accept English rule

Question 4

What happened in 1594?

Answer 4

O’Donnell and Maguire beseiged Enniskillen castle
Maguire and Tyrone’s brother ambushed English relief force, killing 56 English soldiers
Tyrone promised Russell he would restore peace

Question 5

When did the Spanish send Armadas which failed?

Answer 5

Oct 1596 - dispersed by storms, Oct 1597

Question 6

When did Tyrone’s brother burn Blackwater Fort?

Answer 6

16th Feb 1595

Question 7

When did Tyrone join the rebellion?

Answer 7

May 1595

Question 8

What happened at Clontibret and when?

Answer 8

13th June 1595. Sir Henry Banegal’s forces were defeated

Question 9

What agreement was reached in March 1596? What happened later that year?

Answer 9

Tyrone would accept English sovereignty, English would remove garrisons, Tyrone was pardoned
He claimed the right to grant lordships in other Irish regions

Question 10

Who did the English replace Banegal and Russell with in 1597? What did he do and what happened to him?

Answer 10

Lord Burgh - experienced soldier and administrator
Established garrison at Blackwater
Oct - died

Question 11

Tyrone agreed to a truce in December 1597. When did it end and how?

Answer 11

June 1598- Tyrone beseiged Blackwater

Question 12

What happened on 14th August 1598?

Answer 12

Banegal’s forced defeated at Yellow Ford by Tyrone. Major military engagement - embarrassing

Question 13

When did the first province apart from Ulster rise up?

Answer 13

October 1598. Munster

Question 14

What did the Earl of Essex do from when he was appointed Lord Lieuntenant of Ireland in 1599?

Answer 14

Campaigned in Ireland but didn’t have the right equipment e.g. gun carriages
split up his army and campaigned in Munster which exhausted his troops
By Apr 1599 he had 4,000 of 17,200 men he was sent with
7th Sep - agreed a truce w/Tyrone
24th Sep - hurriedly left Ireland after securing a deal w/Tyrone

Question 15

What happened in Connaught in August 1599?

Answer 15

Sir Conyers Clifford killed at Curlew Pass as he attempted to relieve O’Connor at Collooney Castle

Question 16

What events weakened the Irish in 1600?

Answer 16

Feb - Lord Mountjoy replaced Essex with 13,200 men in his army
March - Hugh Maguire killed in skirmish, George Carew suppressed control in Munster
Surrounded Tyrone with his force and another English force of 4,000 in Northern Ulster

Question 17

What success did Tyrone have in September 1600?

Answer 17

Resisted English attack at Moyry pass, 375 casualties

Question 18

What happened in the Battle of Kinsale (1601)?

Answer 18

Highly trained Spanish troops arrived w/seige guns but after Munster was mostly suppressed + Tyrone trapped in Ulster
Oct 1601 - Mountjoy beseiged Kinsale w/7,000 men
21st Dec - Tyrone arrived w/6,500 men = Mountjoy trapped and now only had 6,600 men
24th Dec - Mountjoy pre-empted Irish/Spanish attack and surprise attacked the Irish, the Spanish didn’t help as they were waiting at a meeting point the Irish never reached
Tyrone retreated to Ulster

Question 19

What happened during the Seige of Dunboy (June 1602)?

Answer 19

helped by Constable pointing out a flaw in Carew’s plan which he fixed
16th June - English finished defences and opened fire, broke down castle walls and injured constable
Launched assault trapping Irish in castle vaults
Carew ordered cannon to bury them in rubble
Rebels surrended but he still tried to blow them up
Destroyed Dunboy as it was a well situated fortress

Question 20

How did Carew repress Munster after Dunboy?

Answer 20

executed 58 rebels in local market, no one survived

last Irish resistance in Munster

Question 21

How did the rebellion ‘end’?

Answer 21

Mountjoy pursued Tyrone into Ulster w/3,000 men, he hid in the woods
his followers submitted and Eliz allowed Mountjoy to negotiate in 1603
30th Mar, 1603 - Tyrone submitted –> pardoned, recognised as Chief Lord of Ulster under English

Question 22

How well equipped was Tyrone?

Answer 22

1595 - 1,000 cavalry, 4,00 musketmen, 1,000 pikemen
Support from irish chieftains
bolstered by well-trained Irishmen who deserted British army

Question 23

How much did the war cost the English government?

Answer 23

Crown income of £300,000 pa
garrisons in Ireland £60,000 pa
1597 - Eliz had spend £300,000 on Ulster financed by Parliament and tax
1594-1602 - 30,500 soldiers sent in groups of 1,000-6,500, mostly untrained and undisciplined
cost about £2 mil total HUGE

Question 24

What controversial tactics did Mountjoy use to secure the victory?

Answer 24

continued the attack in winter when they were most vulnerable - not usually done
continued during sewing time so they couldn’t plant & during harvest, also cut/burnt down crops before ripe

Question 25

what were the long term consequences of Mountjoy’s harsh methods?

Answer 25

created even more Irish resentment, making it more difficult to bring Ireland under English control
James VI sent Scottish protestants to Ulster to make it more loyal but that alienated the rest of Ireland

Question 26

What were Elizabeth’s failures overall?

Answer 26

led to more hostility towards England
destroyed Ireland
trade w/Ireland disrupted 
increases in tax and gov spending --> unrest 
ended up giving Tryone what he wanted 
greater problems for her successors 
Ireland became more strongly Catholic

Question 27

What were Elizabeth’s successes overall?

Answer 27

conquered Ireland
couldn’t revolt anymore
prevented a joint attack from Spain and Ireland against England getting too far