Henry VIII Foreign Policy Flashcards
1510
Holy League made, with Spain, the HRE and the Papacy against France. Renewal of Treaty of Etaples.
SUCCESSFUL
1512
Henry invades France and sent 10,000 soldiers. English suffered defeat in Gascony because Ferdinand of Spain failed to support them.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1513 (France)
Henry invaded France again. He led this force himself. He won the Battle of Spurs and captured Thérouanne and Tournai
SUCCESSFUL
1513 (Scotland)
James IV of Scotland allied with France and invaded England. James defeated and killed at Battle of Flodden. Won with small army too. Infant James V and Henrys sister left as regent. Henry did not act on this.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1517
Treaty of Cambrai between Charles V, Maximillian of HRE, and the French left England isolated.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1518
Treaty of London. Personal achievement by Wolsey. Everybody signed non-aggression pact.
SUCCESSFUL
1520
Henry and France met at Field of The Cloth of Gold. Reinforced positive relations, but was expensive and nothing came of it in the long-term.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1521
Treaty of Bruges negotiated by Wolsey with Charles V. Wanted to improve relations with Pope and Charles V through a marriage alliance, and also gain territory in France. England invaded France in 1522 and 1523. Gained little but proved costly.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1522
English armies invade Northern France but gained little. Parliament reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue for this campaign.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1525
The Battle of Pavia in Italy. Charles V defeated French. Henry jealous as he wanted France, but Charles refused to do it with him. Henry supported League of Cognac with France and Pope to overcome Charles.
1527
Treaty of Amiens with French. Against HRE and Spain.
1529
French defeated in Italy by Charles. Peace of Cambrai between France and HRE.
1532
Henry formed a further alliance with France because he wanted to pressure Charles into supporting Henry’s marriage annulment, but it failed.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1533
Break with Rome
1536
Renewal of fighting between HRE with Spain against France
1538
Henry’s position was weakened by Charles and France signing the Treaty of Nice, followed by the 1939 Pact of Toledo where they each agreed to sever connections with England. Also Pope Paul III deposed Henry and absolved English Catholics from obedience to their ruler.
UNSUCCESSFUL
1539
Pope Paul III sent Cardinal Beaton to Scotland and Cardinal Pole to France to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against Henry.
1540
Henry responded by marrying Anne of Cleves because she was Protestant and sought an alliance with the Protestant League of Schmalkalden. This became unnecessary when relations between Charles and Francis broke down, making Henry’s position more secure.
1542
An invasion of Scotland brought heavy defeat for the Scots at the Battle of Solway Moss. The death of James V weakened the Scots but Henry failed to mount a full scale invasion
1543
Treaty of Greenwich. Edward was betrothed to Mary Queen of Scots. The Scots refused to ratify this Treaty. The Earl of Hertford was sent to raid Edinburgh which achieved little.
1544
Henry in alliance with Charles invaded France at the head of a large army. Henry captured Boulogne but Charles made a separate peace with France.
1545
Francis I sent troops to Scotland to support an invasion against the English. The English were defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor in Scotland. Another French force landed in the Isle of Wright. Henry’s flagship, the Mary Rose, sank in the Solent. The French failed to recapture Boulogne.
1546
Peace was agreed between England and France because they couldn’t afford the conflict.
