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A Level History > Henry VII Government > Flashcards

Henry VII Government Flashcards

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1
Q

How many men were in Henry’s Council throughout his reign?

A

227

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2
Q

What were the Council’s functions? (3)

A
  • Advise the King
  • Administer the realm on the King’s behalf
  • Make legal judgments
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3
Q

Types of councillors (3)

A
  • Members of the nobility e.g. Lord Daubney and Dynham
  • Churchmen e.g. John Morton and Richard Fox (often had legal training and were excellent administrators)
  • Laymen (gentry or lawyers. Lawyers continued on from Edward IV) e.g. Sir Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley
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4
Q

John Morton (3)

A
  • Churchman and lawyer
  • Worked against Richard III
  • Promoted by Henry to Archbishop of Canterbury in 1486 and cardinal in 1493
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5
Q

Sir Reginald Bray (4)

A
  • Helped Henry raise funds for Battle of Bosworth
  • Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
  • Lead Council Learned in law
  • King’s chief executive and held more power than most nobles
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6
Q

Sir Richard Empson (4)

A
  • Member of King’s Council from 1494
  • Chaired Council Learned
  • Empson arrested shortly after death of Henry
  • Charged with treason and executed in following year
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7
Q

Edmund Dudley (4)

A
  • Came to prominence after death of Reginald Bray
  • Role was to exploit financial opportunities, made many enemies
  • Losing King’s protection, became very vulnerable
  • After Henry’s death, held accountable for mistakes
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8
Q

What was the Council like under Henry’s reign? (5)

A
  • No established rules or procedures
  • Permanent body
  • Core membership
  • Members also met separately to deal with matters when King not present
  • Dependent on Council Learned
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9
Q

What was the Great Council? (3)

A
  • A gathering of the House of Lords, without the House of Commons
  • No clearly defined functions and not permanent
  • Met only five times throughout Henry’s reign
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10
Q

Functions of the Great Council (2)

A
  • Concerned itself with issues related to war or rebellion
  • Was a means of binding nobility to decisions regarding national security
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11
Q

What was the Council Learned? (9)

A
  • Council’s main offshoot
  • Developed during second half of Henry’s reign under Bray’s leadership
  • Met in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster
  • Not a recognised court of law
  • Was an expression of the King’s will, so held huge importance
  • Empson’s role within the Council Learned was also impactful, as his ruthless approach seemed to define the Council’s behaviour
  • Dudley joined after Bray’s death in 1503
  • Empson and Dudley, although good at collecting and raising revenue, created many enemies
  • People rejoiced after they were removed from power after Henry’s death
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12
Q

Functions of Council Learned (3)

A
  • Maintain the King’s revenue
  • Exploit his prerogative rights
  • Made the system of Bonds and Recognisances
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13
Q

Importance of court and household (3)

A
  • Rewards and status were distributed through the court
  • Courtiers enjoyed paid positions or right to receive free food
  • Where the support of the King or other influential figures could be obtained
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14
Q

Levels of the court (2)

A

Household proper
- Responsible for looking after King, courtiers and guests who were being entertained
- Supervised by the Lord Steward

Chamber
- Supervised by the Lord Chamberlain (influential courtiers)
- Lord Chamberlain very important position, however Sir William Stanley betrayed Henry
- Henry remodeled Chamber

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15
Q

Privy Chamber (3)

A
  • King could retreat to, protected by most trusted servants
  • Changed character of the Court
  • Made it more difficult for those out of favour to regain it
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16
Q

What was Parliament like during Henry’s reign? (8)

A
  • Made up of House of Commons and House of Lords
  • Not central to the system of government
  • Had two main functions; to pass law and grant taxation to Crown
  • Local issues and grievances could be passed to Parliament by local MP’s
  • House of Lords more important at this time
  • Parliament operated effectively
  • Henry respected Parliaments decisions
  • Little to prove Henry managed Parliament through his ministers
17
Q

Development of Parliament (5)

A
  • Only the King could call Parliament
  • Called his first Parliament early in his reign
  • Called a total of seven Parliaments throughout; five of these met within the first ten years, with two in the remaining fourteen
  • Early Parliaments concerned issues of national security and raising of revenue
  • Final Parliament, Henry limited demands for extraordinary revenue
18
Q

Fifteenths and tenths

A

The standard form of taxation, which earned Henry £203,000.

19
Q

Maintenance of order (5)

A
  • Without this, could lead to uprisings
  • King relied on trusted members of the nobility to exercise power on his behalf
  • Since Edward IV, there had been a decrease in the number of magnates, so Henry released the Earl of Surrey from Tower to rule North
  • Henry had to rely on people he trusted, Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney, however they were not good magnates
  • Used spy network and bonds and recognisances to keep magnates under control
20
Q

Justices of the Peace (5)

A
  • They became more highly used throughout Henry’s reign
  • Met four times a year to administer justice
  • Most JP’s were local gentry
  • Job was unpaid. People did it out of sense of duty or believed it would lead to prestige or advancement
  • Gave them more control than county sheriffs
21
Q

What did JP’s do? (4)

A

Parliament passed laws to increase their power and responsibility
- tax assessments
- alehouse regulations
- investigation of complaints against local officials
- maintenance of law and order

22
Q

Bonds and Recognisances (3)

A
  • A legal document which bound an individual to forfeit a sum of money if they failed to do something
  • Occurred due to people who were in debt to the Crown
  • Many purely political; King used bonds and recognisances to enforce order and obedience
23
Q

What did Church courts deal with? (5)

A
  • Church administration
  • Offences committed by clergy e.g. nepotism, simony, pluralism
  • Proving of wills
  • Issues relating to marriage
  • ‘Moral’ offences
24
Q

What did Manor courts deal with? (4)

A
  • Landholding
  • Rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants
  • Use of common land
  • Responsibilities for drainage and land issues
25
Q

What did Borough courts deal with? (2)

A
  • Medieval trading standards
  • Specific judicial rights granted by royal charter
26
Q

What did the King’s court deal with? (3)

A
  • Assizes (held twice a year to deal with major criminal and civil cases and presided over by senior Westminster judges)
  • Quarter sessions (held four times a year, presided over by JP’s, to deal with less important criminal cases as well as civil and administrative affairs
  • Special commissions (set up when necessary to deal with major issues such as rebellion)
27
Q

What did the King’s common law courts deal with? (3)

A
  • King’s bench (had superior criminal jurisdiction)
  • Common pleas (dealt with major civil cases)
  • Exchequer (dealt with issues relating to royal revenues)
28
Q

What did the Chancery court deal with?

A

It exercised jurisdiction on the basis of equity rather than on a strict reading of the common law

29
Q

What were the main sources of royal income? (6)

A
  • Crown lands
  • Profits from feudal dues and the exercise of royal prerogative
  • Customs revenue (tonnage and poundage - £34,000 to £38,000)
  • Pensions from other powers (Treaty of Etaples 1492, Henry got £5,000 per year)
  • Profits of justice (fines and income from bonds. Between 1504-07, £200,000 promised to King but not all collected)
  • Extraordinary revenue (Henry received £400,000, but it provoked rebellions in 1489-97. In 1504 Henry promised to not use this method to raise taxes
30
Q

How did Henry use the Crown lands? (4)

A
  • Henry was the country’s largest landholder
  • At the beginning of Henry’s reign, income had been around £12,000 per year (income had been collected and administered through Court of Exchequer - ineffective)
  • In 1492, Henry reverted to Edward IV’s system through the Chamber (finances improved hugely by the work of Lovell and Heron)
  • By the end of the reign, yearly income was around £42,000
31
Q

Profits from feudal dues and royal prerogatives (4)

A
  • Increased profits from wardship (Crown gained profit from property held by a minor)
  • Parliament granted a feudal aid in 1504 (Crown could tax when eldest son was knighted or eldest daughter was married - old way of raising finances)
  • Taxes also had to be paid when a tenant-in-chief died, landowners found irritating
  • Statute of Uses prevented any loopholes to avoid these taxes
32
Q

What was the Star Chamber?

A

Established to prosecute rioting, rebellion, retaining, and the corruption of justice

33
Q

Early Parliaments

A
  • Passed Acts of Attainders
  • Granted tonnage and poundage for life
  • Granted extraordinary revenue
  • Taxation for wars
  • Fifteens and Tenths (taxation), raised H £203,000
34
Q

Final Parliament

A
  • 1504
  • Limited demand for extraordinary revenue

A Level History (11 decks)

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