Henry VIII Flashcards
How much money was left by Henry VII for his son?
£300 000 in Royal Coiffeurs- later exhausted by Henry VIII for wars with France
How was the foreign policy left for Henry VIII?
Peaceful; Anglo-Spanish alliance, Peaceful with Scotland
What form of government was left for Henry VIII?
Conciliar form of gov; led by the King who worked closely with a small number of councillors and advisors
What was Henry like at the start of his reign?
‘Athletic’, ‘Talented’, ‘Intelligent’
What was Henry like at the end of his reign?
‘Irritable’, ‘Cruel’, ‘Miserly’
What was the Erastian relationship like at this time (1509)?
The relationship between Church and State was holding strong; King firmly in control and the Popes were eager to grant favours.
How did the relationship remain between the Church, education and culture? (1509)
Remained important as wealthier guilds could be sources of local patronage and power; some ran schools and almshouses.
What was the impact of Humanism (1509)?
Minimal impact; ‘reading schools’ and ‘song schools’ provided elementary education.
What were Henry VIII’s aims?
-Break away from HVII’s sombre and exploited kingship
-Marry Catherine of Aragon
-Re-establish the role of nobility
-Gain military glory; including becoming the king of France
Aims: Re-establishing the nobility
-HVII’s foreign policy denied military pursuit
-Accompanied Henry to war in Northern France
-Sons of nobility and young men partnered with Henry
-Promoted the interests of Wolsey
Aims: Execution of foreign policy
-Sought to overthrow his fathers foreign policy
-Large amount of money for small gain (military pursuit)
Aims: Execution of Buckingham
Executed in 1521 on the account of treason; regarded with suspicion by Henry
Foreign Policy: When did Henry marry Catherine?
JUN 1509
Foreign Policy: What happened in 1503 regarding their marriage?
Papal bull granted to annul Catherine and Arthur; allowed her to marry Henry
Foreign Policy: What was the astute move in regards to their marriage?
-Secured an alliance with Spain
-Could help against future aggression with France
-Showed Henry as chivalric
Foreign Policy: Who was against Henry’s marriage to Catherine?
Archbishop Warham
Foreign Policy: When was the Peace with France?
1510
Foreign Policy: What was the Peace with France?
Henry’s councillors sought a continuation of the Treaty of Etaples; renewed and continued the annual payment of the pension (£5000 annually)
Foreign Policy: Who did not want Peace with France, but later changed their mind?
Henry; made political sense as France was in an international alliance
Foreign Policy: When was the Anti-French Alliances?
1511
Foreign Policy: What happened during the Anti-French Alliances?
International tide had turned in favour of Henry;
Sent Archbishop Bainbridge to Rome to form an anti-French alliance; developed into the Holy League
Foreign Policy: Who did the Holy League consist of?
Papacy, England, Spain, HRE and Venice
Foreign Policy: What did the Anti-French Alliances (1511) lead to?
Treaty of Westminster with Spain
Foreign Policy: When was the First Invasion of France?
1512
Foreign Policy: What was Henry’s excuse for the grant of extraordinary rev. to finance the first invasion?
‘War defends the liberties of the Church’
Foreign Policy: What was the aim of the First French Invasion?
Co-ordinated attack with Spain on South-Western France to get Aquitaine
Foreign Policy: How many troops, and where, were sent? (FFI 1512)
10 000 troops sent to northern Spain
Foreign Policy: Why was the First French Invasion a failure?
Ferdinand did not fulfil his promise; seized Navarne instead
The war achieved nothing and was costly.
Foreign Policy: When was the Second Invasion of France?
1513
Foreign Policy: What did Henry do to overcome his previous humiliation?
Personally led 30 000 men to Calais.
Foreign Policy: What two French towns did Henry capture in his Second Invasion?
Thouranne and Tournai; little resistance
Foreign Policy: What was Thouranne good for?
Prestige
Foreign Policy: What was Tournai good for?
Used as a bargaining tool
Foreign Policy: What was the Battle of Spurs?
16 AUG 1513; retreat of the French nobility which was massively exaggerated.
Foreign Policy: When was the Battle of Flodden?
1513
Foreign Policy: What happened in the Battle of Flodden?
Henry VIII was fighting in Northern France when James IV invaded Northern England; retaliation to the attack on France
Foreign Policy: Who suppressed James IV’s invasion of Northern England?
Catherine of Aragon sent the Earl of Surrey; James IV was killed
James V (17 months old) became king.
No more Scottish threat.
Foreign Policy: When was the Anglo-French Peace Treaty?
1514
Foreign Policy: What events caused the signing of the Anglo-French Peace Treaty?
France and Spain sign a peace treaty; Julius II dies.
Wolsey seeks out peace with France; Louis XII agrees to continue paying the French pension and marries Henry’s younger sister, Mary.
Henry considered to join battle to claim Navarre
Foreign Policy: What was the Anglo-Spanish Alliance?
Louis XII dies <3 months into his marriage; replaced by Francis I.
Foreign Policy: Why was Francis I a problem?
Started to cause problems in Scotland; encourages the Duke of Albany to overthrow Margaret
Foreign Policy: How did Mary betray Henry?
Secretly married the Duke of Buckingham; can’t be married off again
Foreign Policy: When was the Treaty of London?
1518
Foreign Policy: Why was the Treaty of London signed?
England was diplomatically isolated
Foreign Policy: How was the Treaty of London considered?
Pope Leo X, Christian powers of Europe to unite against the Ottoman Turks; Wolsey offers to orchestrate this and becomes a papal legate.
Foreign Policy: How many people signed the Treaty of London?
20 European powers; scope was extended and became a ‘Treaty of Perpetual Peace’
Foreign Policy: Why was the Treaty of London a success?
Glory for Henry and England became a centre of diplomatic power.
Foreign Policy: Improved Anglo-French relations, What town was returned?
Tournai
Foreign Policy: Improved Anglo-French relations
The French agreed to pay the French pension again and to keep the Duke of Albany out of Scotland; improving Anglo-Scottish relations.
Foreign Policy: When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
1520
Foreign Policy: What did the Field of the Cloth of Gold reinforce?
Good relations between England and France.
Foreign Policy: Who engineered and orchestrated the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
Wolsey
Foreign Policy: Why was the Field of the Cloth of Gold only a partial success?
Each party spared no expenses in displaying their interpretation of Renaissance; didn’t achieve much and was costly
Foreign Policy: When was the Treaty of Bruges?
1521
Foreign Policy: Who was the Anglo-French alliance unpopular amongst?
The nobility; unnatural for both kings.
Foreign Policy: What policy was anti-French?
Papal
Foreign Policy: What events led to the signing of the Treaty of Bruges?
Charles V was unhappy about the situation and was urging Henry to form an anti-French alliance.
Foreign Policy: Who organised the signing of the Treaty of Bruges?
Wolsey; tried to broker peace by arranging a meeting in Calais, met Charles in the Netherlands
Foreign Policy: Who did Charles V agree to marry?
Agreed to marry Henry’s daughter, Mary
Foreign Policy: When were the French Campaigns?
1522-23
Foreign Policy: What happened in 1522 in regards to the French Campaigns?
Earl of Surrey led an army into France but was let down by their Spanish ally; English army crumbles because of their lack of supplies.
Repeated in 1523
Foreign Policy: What did the loss of the French Campaign cost Henry?
Lost role as ‘Peacemaker’ and £400 000
Foreign Policy: What did Wolsey try to do to save the French Campaigns?
Attempts to gain an extraordinary rev; £300 000/£800 000 was raised
Foreign Policy: What happened as a result of Wolsey’s attempt?
Amicable Grant; rebellion broke out.
Foreign Policy: When was the Battle of Pavia?
1525
Foreign Policy: What were the events of the Battle of Pavia?
Charles V was fighting Francis I alone; victory for Charles as 28 000 Frenchmen died.
Foreign Policy: How did Henry sabotage the Battle of Pavia?
Tried to naively suggest a joint invasion in Northern France; Henry’s humiliation was compounded and Charles backed out of the marriage with Mary.
Foreign Policy: Diplomatic Revolution- When was the Treaty of More and what was it?
AUG 1525; Friendship treaty with France
Foreign Policy: Diplomatic Revolution- What did Wolsey create?
Created an anti-imperial alliance; League of Cognac (1526)
Foreign Policy: Diplomatic Revolution- How was the alliance with France reinforced?
Treaty of Westminster (1527) and the Treaty of Amiens (1527)
Foreign Policy: Diplomatic Revolution- What happened in 1528?
Declaration of war against Spain; separate agreement to protect English trade with the Netherlands
Foreign Policy: Diplomatic Revolution- How was the 1528 war ended?
Ended in 1529; signing of the Treaty of Cambria where England was invited last minute.
Foreign Policy: The King’s Great Matter
Change in direction of the foreign policy was badly timed; England moved to a pro-French policy
Foreign Policy: The King’s Great Matter- Who sacked Rome and when?
1527; Charles V’s army captured the Pope and provoked protests from the cloth trade.
Foreign Policy: The King’s Great Matter- What happened in 1528?
Pope and Francis made peace with Charles; England was diplomatically isolated again with no chance of gaining support from the Pope.
What was Wolsey’s background?
Fairly common; average person
What was the government like under Henry?
-Monarchy was personal
-State papers were read to Henry or summarised
-The King had the right to intervene
-Work done by word of mouth
-Inconsistent
-Dependent on the Royal Council or dominance of the Chief Minister
What governmental developments happened under Henry VIII?
-Importance of the Privvy Chamber grew
-Nature and extent of Royal authority changed; Henry claimed more power at the expense of the Pope
-Powers were used by Cromwell to institute reforms in the organisation of the Central Gov.
Similarities between HVII and HVIII regarding gov.
-2 main functions; grant extraordinary rev and pass laws
-neither seeked advice from Parliament
Difference between HVII and HVIII regarding gov.
-Governance via. Councils broke down for the first time
-Conciliar approach adopted (1509-14)
-Role of the Privvy Chamber was extended
Wolsey’s downfall: Was he the second king?- How many parliaments were called during his period and when?
One parliament called; 1523
Wolsey’s downfall: Was he the second king?- What form of gov. was ended with his succession in 1515?
Conciliar
Wolsey’s downfall: Was he the second king?- What did he do with the Privvy Chamber?
Neutralised the influence in 1519; replaced men with his supporters
Wolsey’s downfall: Was he the second king? - What did he do with the legal system?
Dominated the legal system and controlled the chancery
Wolsey’s downfall: Was he the second king?- What did he try to raise?
Attempted to raise unparliamentary tax through the Amicable Grant
What was the difference between and annulment and divorce?
An annulment refers to declaring something legally invalid; only the Pope could authorise such measures
Why did Henry want to end the marriage with Catherine?
She was past childbearing age and only produced a female daughter (Mary); he also fell madly in love with Anne Boleyn.
Reason for annulment: Dynastic concerns
- He was only the second Tudor King
-Female heir was insecure
-Feared usurpation; inheriting as a child was dangerous
Reason for annulment: Religious concern
- Convinced himself that his marriage was illegal in the eyes of God
Reason for annulment: Religious concern- What book and quote did Henry use to justify his annulment?
Leviticus 20:21- ‘ Prohibited to marry a brother’s widow’
Reason for annulment: Religious concern- What was Schism?
Costly solution; legitimacy of the second marriage and children within that marriage would be questioned.
How would the Sacking of Rome cause a problem for the annulment?
6 MAY 1527; troops of Charles V ( Catherine’s nephew) kidnapped the Pope (Clement VII)- he was not prepared to see his family insulted
Why did Wolsey’s fake trial for the annulment fail?
Failed because Catherine refused to accept the verdict and in accordance with canon (Church) law, appealed to the Pope.
How did Cardinal Campeggio seal Wolsey’s fate?
Opened a hearing for the case in London on 15 JUN 1529; Wolsey failed to grant Henry his annulment.
Reason for annulment: Arrival of Anne Boleyn- Why was Henry enticed by Anne?
Enticed by her refusal to sleep with someone who wasn’t her husband; Henry convinced himself that he was acting out of political consideration
Reason for annulment: Arrival of Anne Boleyn- What was Henry’s move?
Wanted to divorce CoA and set her aside; in favour of Anne.
Why did Henry think that the annulment was easy to achieve?
Annulment was unheard of; marriage of Louis XII was annulled in 1498
End of Wolsey: What did he fail to secure?
Failed to secure the annulment.
End of Wolsey: What was the impact of Campeggio’s Legatine court?
The court was adjourned; HVIII was in a vulnerable position and England was diplomatically isolated.
End of Wolsey: What was Wolsey charged with and when?
OCT 1529; Wolsey was charged with Praemunire
End of Wolsey: How was Wolsey’s charge done?
Done through the Act of Attainder; forced to retire in Yorkshire
End of Wolsey: What happened to Wolsey
NOV 1530; Wolsey was arrested and died on his return to London.
What form of government was returned to and when?
Conciliar government with no chief minister (1529-30)
Who was appointed Lord Chancellor?
Sir Thomas More
What happened to Thomas More?
Executed for treason in JUL 1535 after resigning in MAY 1532
What was Statue Law?
Parliamentary Laws
What was Canon Law?
Church Law
What was Bureaucratic Law?
Most decisions are made by educated officials.
What were Cromwell’s reforms?
-Does not have as much freedom as Wolsey
-Bureaucratised the Privvy Chamber
-Used Parliament more freely
What was the Court of Augmentations under Cromwell?
Controlled land and finances
What was the Court of General Surveyors under Cromwell?
Handled monastic lands confiscated as a result of treason
What was the Court of First Fruits and Tenths under Cromwell?
Form of tax on the clergy to collect money previously sent to Rome.
What was the Court of Wards under Cromwell?
Arranged marriage of younger heirs
What was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (1532)?
Withholding conditionally the first year’s income from the office of bishop, which the Papacy had traditionally enjoyed; designed to increase pressure on the Papacy.
What was the Act of Dispensations (1533)?
Confirmed that the Church of England would follow Catholic beliefs.
When did the Pope declare that Anne was not Henry’s wife?
JUL 1533; Pope announcement would illegitimise any children Henry had with Anne.
When was the Act of Succession?
1534
What did the Act of Succession state?
Declared that;
-Henry’s marriage to CoA was void
-Succession should be vested in the children of the marriage with Anne
-To deny the validity of Henry’s marriage to Anne was treasonable.
When was the Act of Supremacy?
1534
What did the 1534 Act of Supremacy state?
Gave legislative force to the royal supremacy; ‘King is oweth to be the Supreme Head of the Church’
When was the Treason Act?
1534
What did the Treason Act state?
Treason could be committed by spoken word as well as deed or writing; treasonable to describe the King as ‘heretic’
When was the Act Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome?
1536?
What did the Act Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome state?
Tied all the acts together-added one law; anyone who defended the former powers of the Pope would have their property confiscated.
What was Anne accused of?
Adultery and incest
When was Anne executed?
MAY 1536
Why did Cromwell ally with the conservatives?
He was insecure that his relationship with the King was threatened.
Fall of Cromwell: Who broke out into rebellion?
Opposition of religious reforms that he had orchestrated; Pilgrimage of Grace
Fall of Cromwell: What was the cause of his arrest?
People suspected that he was plotting treason; Henry was paranoid
Fall of Cromwell: Replacing Anne B.
Found Henry a new bride (Anne of Cleves); but was shouted at when she was ‘nothing so well as she was spoken of’
What was the impact of Cromwell’s fall?
Brought down by the conservative faction (Norfolk and Gardinier); Norfolk’s faction dominated and the gov. returned to being conciliar.
Why did factionalism intensify?
Rivalry (Conservative v. Reform) ; following HVIII’s decision not to appoint a chief minister.
Conservative Faction: What did they accept?
Accepted the Break with Rome; opposed changes to the Doctrine
Conservative Faction: Who was it led by?
Norfolk and Bishop Gardinier
Conservative Faction: What was it associated with?
- Six Articles Act (1539)
-Fall of Cromwell
-Plot against Cramner (1534)
-Plot against Catherine Parr (1546)
Reform Faction: What did they accept?
Accepted the Break with Rome; opportunity to introduce Protestant doctrines.
Reform Faction: Who was it led by?
Edward Seymour and Archbishop Cramner
Reform Faction: Impact of Cromwell’s fall
Norfolk ends up in the tower; accused of treason as his son (Henry Howard) threatened the Crown as he added a royal symbol to his coat of arms.
What did Pope Paul III publish in 1538?
Published a papal bull deposing Henry VIII; Catholics in England could rebel
What area of Ireland was under English control?
The Pale; area surrounding Dublin
Why did the relationship with the Earl of Kildare breakdown?
He tried to be the servant of the Crown and the most powerful Gaelic chief.
What happened in 1541 in Ireland?
The government regained control and tried to pacify Ireland; established it as a separate kingdom.
Why can Henry be criticised for the Scottish policy?
-Neglected the opportunity for military force
-Failed to heed warnings about Scottish hostility
-Order of Hertford into Scotland; retaliation
What did the 1534 Succession Act confirm?
Confirms Elizabeth as heir presumptive and declares Mary illegitimate.
What did the 1536 Succession Act declare?
Declared Elizabeth as illegitimate and lays down that Henry VIII can determine the successor by will in the absence of the heir apparent.
What did the 1544 Succession Act state?
-Revives the royal assent
-Reappeals the 1536 act
-Reinstates Mary and Elizabeth in the succession and reaffirms that Henry could determine the succession by will.
When was Henry’s will?
DEC 1536
What did Henry’s will confirm?
Confirms the terms of the 1544 Succession Act
Lays that in default of heirs to Edward, Mary and Elizabeth, the succession should pass to the heirs of his sister Mary.
When was the Laws in Wales Act?
1536
What did the Laws in Wales Act state?
-Divided Wales into shire counties; operated on the same basis as their English counterpoints
-gave the Welsh shires direct representation in the House of Commons at Westminster
-brought Wales into the same legal framework as England.
Economy: Population growth
Significant growth from 1525; a decline in the rate of mortality
Economy: Wages
Real wages began to decline
Economy: Coinage
Debasement of the coinage; created a short artificial boom in 1544-46
Economy: Employment
Evidence of growing unemployment amongst rural labourers; 5000 migrants a year.
Economy: When were the bad harvests?
1520-21 and 1527-29; led to temporary but significant increase in food prices
Economy: What was the impact of enclosure?
Led to the poor being forced to leave their homes
Trade: Where were lead and coal located?
High Penines
Trade: Where was the leading export?
London; went to Antwerp but negatively impacted parts in Bristol, Hull and Boston.
Trade: Who did Southampton enjoy trade with?
Venice.
Growth of Humanism: St Pauls School (London)
Appointed as the schools governors; members were drawn from a city guild rather than clergymen
School’s statuses laid down a curriculum; teaching methods derived from humanist principles
Growth of Humanism: Platonist education in universities
Influences grew steadily in universities, like Oxford
Taught prominent religious and political influences.
Growth of Humanism: Actions of Wolsey
Gave personal commitment to education
Founded a school in Ipswich
What was Simony?
Buying of Church offices
What was Pluralism?
Holding multiple Church offices
What was Anti-clericalism?
Opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy; Criticisms of the influence of Canon law, Church courts and legal privileges of the clergy
Society: Peerage
Peerage expanded during Henry’s reign; John Barron Russell was raised to peerage and endowed lands in Devon (bolster royal authority in the South-west)
Society: Nobility kept under control
Duke of Buckingham was executed for treason
Henry Pole Baron Montague and Henry Courtenay Marquess were accused of treason and executed in 1538.
Society: Members of the gentry in 1540
5000 gentry families;200 knightly families in 1524
Society: number of gentry increasing
Increase in JPs= increase in participation of local administration; drawn in on behalf of the Crown
Keen on their sons getting legal training.
