Henry VIII, 1509–1547: Relationships with Scotland and Other Foreign Powers - HRE vs France Under Cromwell & Beyond

Question 1

Outline the main events in Henry’s foreign policy from 1538-1547 under Cromwell and beyond

Answer 1

• 1538
- Charles V and Francis I make peace and agree to sever connections with England in Treaty of Nice

• 1541
- Charles and Francis at war again (Francis allied with Ottoman Turks)
- Henry and Charles promise to invade France within two years

• 1544
- Henry led 48,000 army to Calais
- Charles and Henry agreed to march on France, but pursue own ambitions
- Henry captures Boulogne
- Charles makes peace with France through Treaty of Crépy

• 1545
- French fail to invade England and fail to recapture Boulogne
- Due to French incompetence, adverse winds and lack of base (e.g England had Calais)

• 1546
- Treaty of Ardres
- Henry keeps Boulogne, but if French pay pension of £200,000 Boulogne will be returned in 1554
- Henry’s foreign policy in Europe cost £2 million

Question 2

When was the Treaty of Nice made?

Answer 2

• 1538

Question 3

Explain what the Treaty of Nice was and when it was created

Answer 3

• 1538
• Between Charles V and Francis I
• Made peace
• Agreed to sever connections with England

Question 4

By what year had Charles V and Francis I began fighting again?

Answer 4

• 1541

Question 5

What agreement did Charles and Henry make in 1541?

Answer 5

• Agreed to invade France within 2 years

Question 6

Who did Francis I ally with by 1541?

Answer 6

• Ottoman Turks

Question 7

When did England invade France with Charles V?

Answer 7

• 1544

Question 8

Explain what happened during the invasion of France in 1544

Answer 8

• Henry led army of 48,000 to Calais
• Henry and Charles agreed to march on Paris, but pursue own interests
• Henry captures Boulogne
• Charles makes peace with France through Treaty of Crépy

Question 9

How many men did Henry lead in the invasion of France in 1544?

Answer 9

• 48,000

Question 10

What were the effects of the invasion of France and the Treaty of Crépy?

Answer 10

• Henry captures Boulogne
• Henry claims triumph
• Treaty isolates England
• Francis I threatens to invade England

Question 11

When did Francis I attempt to invade England?

Answer 11

• 1545

Question 12

Explain what happened during the French invasion of England in 1545

Answer 12

• French fails invasion on England
• Due to incompetence, adverse winds and a lack of a base in England
• French fail to recapture Boulogne

Question 13

When was the Treaty of Ardres made?

Answer 13

• 1546

Question 14

What was agreed under the Treaty of Ardres?

Answer 14

• Henry allowed to keep Boulogne
• If French pay pension of £200,000 to England, Boulogne will be returned to France in 1554

Question 15

What were the outcomes of Henry’s foreign policy with Charles and Francis?

Answer 15

• Henry arguably achieved more than Francis or Charles
• Cost £2 million from borrowing, monastic land and debasement of coinage
• Led to inflation which would continue for rest of Tudor dynasty