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Tudors info 1 > -----HENRY VIII, 1509–1547: FOREIGN POLICY: FRANCE, SPAIN AND HRE > Flashcards

-----HENRY VIII, 1509–1547: FOREIGN POLICY: FRANCE, SPAIN AND HRE Flashcards

1
Q

what are the secions of Henry VIII’s reign

A
  1. 1509-14
  2. 1514-26
  3. 1527-40
  4. 1540-47
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2
Q

Who led France during Henry VIII’s reign?

A

• Louis XII
- Dies in 1515

• Francis I

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3
Q

Describe the anti-French alliance Henry VIII joins. When does England join the alliance?

A
  • 1511
  • Holy League
  • Involved Spain, HRE, Venice and the Papacy
  • sent Christopher Bainbridge, the archbishop of York to Rome to convince pope Julius II
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4
Q

When does Henry VIII first invade France?

A
  • 1512
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5
Q

How did Henry VIII’s first invasion of France go?

A
  • 1512
  • 10,000 men under control of the Marquis of Dorset to South West France
  • Unsuccessful
  • Many soldiers demoralised and ill
  • Ferdinand of Aragon, Henry VIII’s father in Law through Catherine of Argon used Henry as a distraction so he could invade Navarre
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6
Q

When does Henry VIII invade France for a second time?

A
  • 1513
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7
Q

what is an opinion about the second invasion of France in what year

A
  • 1513

- Geoffrey Elton said it was nothing more than a futile slideshow

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8
Q

How did Henry VIII’s second invasion of France go?

A
  • 1513
  • Expedition led by Henry himself, went to North East France
  • England wins Battle of the Spurs (propaganda claimed it was a stunning victory)
  • Captures Therouanne and Tournai
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9
Q

What agreement was made following Henry VIII’s second invasion of France? When was this agreement made?

A
  • Treaty of Saint Germain
  • 1514
  • England keeps Therouanne and Tournai
  • Henry receives annual pension for giving up his claim to French throne
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10
Q

What was agreed under the Treaty of Saint-Germain?

A
  • 1514
  • a version of the Treaty of Etaples negotiated by Wolsey
  • England keeps Therouanne and Tournai
  • Henry receives annual pension for giving up his claim to French throne
  • Wolsey negotiated a marriage alliance between Henry’s sister Mary and Louis XII - died a year later
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11
Q

What was the significance of Henry VIII’s invasions of France?

A
  • Slight boost in reputation
  • Expensive - wiped out surplus of money Henry VII made
  • Tournai and Therouanne not impressive achievements - Tournai described as ‘ungracious doghole’
  • 1518 - Tournai sold back to France for less than the English had paid to repair its defences after the siege
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12
Q

When was Tournai sold back to England? What losses did this bring?

A
  • 1518

- Sold back to French for less than England had paid to repair it after siege in 1513

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13
Q

Outline the events that happened between 1515 and 1518

A

1515: Louis XII dies - Francis I takes over

  • Francis I seeks alliance with Spain and Ferdinand of Aragon

1516: Ferdinand of Aragon dies - Charles V takes over

1517: Treaty of Cambrai includes HRE/ Emperor Maximillion, France/ Francis I and Spain/ Charles V

  • Henry felt threatened by this because Francis I had the power to undermine the Auld Alliance

-Duke Albany, heir presumptive is appointed to the Scottish throne - Henry and Wolsey saw Albany as a French agent

1518 - Treaty of London (later the Treaty of Perpetual peace)

  • non-aggression pact between England, HRE, Spain, France
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14
Q

How did relations between France and England improve after 1518

A

England agreed to return Tournai and Terrouanne but France had to keep paying the annual pension
In addition the French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland

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15
Q

What did Wolsey negotiate in response to the good relations between England and France

A

The Field of the Cloth of Gold

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16
Q

When was the field of the cloth of gold

A

June 1520

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17
Q

How much did the fied of the cloth of gold cost

A

£15,000

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18
Q

What did the outcome of the field of the cloth of gold show?

A

It did not really amount to much but the significance of it decreased in Henry’s eyes after Francis I beat him in an arm wrestling match.

19
Q

what Treaty did Wolsey negotiate in 1521

A

The Treaty of Bruges with Charles V

20
Q

What did Henry and Wolsey do after Charles V of Spain and Francis I of France had a falling out

A

created the Treaty of Bruges with Charles V and so invaded France in both 1522 and 1523

21
Q

why did Henry and Wolsey want to side with Charles in 1521

A
  1. He could improve his relations with the Pope who was anxious to reduce French control over northern Italy
  2. He believed he may gain more territory in France
  3. Part of the deal entailed a mariage alliance between the emperor and Henry’s young daughter Mary.
22
Q

What were the outcomes of Henry’s 3rd invasion of France

A

The campaigns gained little and were extremely costly.
Parliament was reluctant to keep giving HVIII money
H showed his lack of strategic awareness

23
Q

when was the battle of Pavia

A

1525

24
Q

what happened at and after the battle of Pavia

A

HRE/ Maximillion vs France/ Francis I
France was annhiliated and Francis I was taken hostage
Henry VIII suggested to Charles V that they launch a joint invasion on France to get terratorial gain. - Charles did not agree.
Relations between England and Spain worsened again because of HVIII’s suggestion and he turned to France once again

25
Q

What were the 3 sections of Anglo-French Foreign Policy during Hen VIII’s reign

A
  1. 09-14
  2. 27-40
  3. 42-46
26
Q

what was the league of cognac

A

anti-spanish agreement including HRE, France, Papacy, Milan and England
an attempt to reduce the power of Charles V after he crushed France at the battle of Pavia in 1525

27
Q

outline the main events in the first 1/4 of Henry VIII’s foreign policy

A

1509-14
1. 1510: Renewal of the treaty of Etaples
2. 1511: England joins the Holy League
3. 1512: England’s first invasion of France
4. 1513: Englands second invasion of France
5. 1514: Treaty of St Germain

28
Q

outline the 2/4 of Henry VIII’s foreign policy

A

1514-26
1. 1515: Louis XII of France dies
2. 1516: Ferdinand of Aragon dies
3. 1517: Treaty of Cambrai
4. 1518: Treaty of London
5. 1520: Field of the Cloth of Gold
6. 1521: Treaty of Bruges
7. 1522/23 Henry’s third invasion of France
8. 1525: Battle of Pavia
9. 1526: League of Cognac created

29
Q

1527

A

Treaty of Amiens
England offers support to France at Treaty of Amiens against spain/HRE
Temporarily ended the hostilities between France & England
Due to weak position England forced to make alliance with France
Trade embargo with Burgundian Islands lead to Charles V retaliation

30
Q

what structure did Henry’s parliament use through the years 1509-47

A
  1. 09-14: councilliar
  2. 14-29: Cardinal Wolsey
  3. 29-32: councilliar
  4. 32-40: Thomas Cromwell
  5. 40-47: councilliar
31
Q

how were relations between Henry and HRE

A

never really sided with eachother, the religious great matter stopped Charles V wanting to ally with England
Breifly suported eachother against france in 1543

32
Q

-

A

-

33
Q

1529

A

french defeat at battle of landriano and treaty of cambrai - made peace with spain and france - lead to wolseys fall because treaty of cambrai isolated england even more so

34
Q

1532

A

England makes a weak alliance with France against Charles V beause france was also in a weak position
- desolves even more when Francis I established a marriage between his son Henry, and the popes daughter, Catherine de Medici (Charles V is in control of Pope)

35
Q

1533

A

Henry breaks with rome - no short term reprecussions because Charles is more occupied with the Ottomans
- joins the league of schmalkalden to legitimise choice of reform and reinforce his position

36
Q

why did international pressure reduce for Henry in 1536

A
  1. death of catherine of aragon
  2. fighting broke out between francis I and Charles V
37
Q

why did international pressure increase again for Henry in 1538

A
  1. Charles and Francis both agreed to sever English connections in the treaty of nice
  2. the pope sent envoys to both france and scotland to rouse catholic support against Henry
38
Q

what was the treaty of Nice

A

both france and the HRE agreed to sever their connections with England hich left England isolated - 1538

39
Q

1539

A

Henry passes the act of 6 articles to please the pope

40
Q

how can Henry’s enthusiasm be explained for the act of 6 articles

A

the act of 6 articles told the people of England, 6 things they could do to become ‘more catholic’. Henrys situation with france and the holy roman empire seemed much worse to him than it actually was because neither members trusted eachother.
he believed francis and charles were planning to invade him so he passed the 6 articles to reassure catholic europe.
- in response to this, he also attemppted to join the eague of schmalkalden one more time for reassurance.

41
Q

summarise Henry’s foreign policy with ireland

A

Ireland did not cause much of a problem for Henry during the first part of his reign because he was still in charge of the Pale. however he found it difficult to rule ireland with the earl of kildare, and impossible to rule without him. but a costly rebellion failed to bring the irish government under the english in 1534
in 1541 england established ireland as a kingdom under english law
- however reforms were not successful

42
Q

summarise foreignpolicy with scotland from 1540-47

A
  1. 1542: Battle of Solway Moss due to James V’s refusal to talk to H about reformation of the scottish church - H won
  2. 1543: treaty of greenwich - betrothed edward and mary queen of scots
  3. 1544: scotland withdraws from treaty so the earl of hertford is ordered to raid st andrews, leith and edinbrugh
  4. scottish policy became known as the rough wooing
43
Q

why was Henry’s foreign policy with scotland a failure

A
  1. Henry did not act on oppertunities to take thr scottish crown eg battle of flodden 1513 and battle of solway moss in 1542
  2. he acted purely out of emotion when he invaded: did not think thing through eg ordring the earl of hertford to raid scotland in 1544
44
Q

summarise henry’s relations with france between 1540 and 47

A

1544: Henry set off to capture paris, realised it would be unsuccessful, captures bolounge instead
1545: french try to retaliate by sending army to scotlsnd for invasion of england
- england are defeated at battle of Ancrum Moor, and a seperate french force landed in the isle of white but
- battle at scotland never materialised even though henry created more financial problems trying to raise money for it
1546: peace with france- both realised they did not have the money to fight

Tudors info 1 (65 decks)

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