Henry VIII Flashcards
when were Empson and Dudley executed?
1510
what were Henry VIII aims as monarch?
- to establish his status amongst European monarchs through marriage
- to re-establish role of the nobility
- to establish himself was warrior king
when did Henry marry Catherine of Aragon?
June 1509
how many parliaments did Henry VIII have?
9 parliaments
how many parliaments were called to provide extraordinary revenue?
5 parliaments
how long did the first conciliar government approach last?
from 1509-1514
what was the Eltham ordinances? when were they?
1526- Wolsey reduced the number of gentlemen of the privy chamber ad removed the groom of the stool, replacing him
how did Wolsey reform the Court of the Chancery?
he used the court to uphold fair justice. e.g dealt with problems relating to enclosure and wills
what was the problem with the Court of the Chancery reforms?
it became too popular and justice became slow
how did Wolsey reform the Court of the Star Chamber?
it increased cheap and fair justice. heard cases of misconduct. Wolsey also encouraged private lawsuits which became too successful
how did Wolsey change subsidies?
Wolsey set up a national committee, which he headed, the would make realistic assessments of wealth of taxpayers
what was the Amicable grant? when was it?
1525- was heavy tax in order to pay for war , almost lead to a rebellion
what was the resistance to the Amicable grant?
strongest resistance occurred in north Essex and south Suffolk. 1000 people gathered in Essex and 4000 in Suffolk.
what was the reaction by the king to the resistance to the Amicable grant?
the king abandoned the Amicable grant
what was the kings great matter?
Henrys desire to get an annulment for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn
what was the problem in securing an annulment?
the Catholic church did not allow it without a reasonable cause
what was the biblical justification Henry found to secure his annulment? what was the problem with it?
in the book Leviticus- it prohibited a man marrying his brothers widow
however Catherine claimed the marriage with Arthur had never been consummated
what had caused Wolseys downfall?
his failure to secure an annulment sealed his fate, her was already unpopular from forcing subsidy through parliament
when was Wolsey charged with praemunire?
October 1529
when did Wolsey die?
29th November 1530, before his execution
when did Thomas Cromwell come to prominence?
1532 he became kings chief minister and suggested Henry should break with Rome
who Was hostile towards Cromwell?
the Duke of Norfolk
what was the collection of historical documents which would justify the kings divorce?
the Collectanea Satis Copiosa, put together by Thomas Cranmer and Edward Foxe
when was the clergy collectively accused of praemunire and fined?
1531
when was the Act in conditional restraint of Annates?
1532
when was the formal submission of the clergy? what was it?
1532- surrender of church’s independent law making power, provoked resignation of Thomas More
when did Henry marry Anne Boleyn?
January 1533
when was the Act in restraint of appeals? what was it?
April 1533- appeals could not be made to Rome regarding church court decisions or the marriage annulment
when was the Act of Succession? what was it?
April 1534- declared that
- Henry’s marriage to Catherine was void
- the succession was to be from Annes’ children
- to deny the validity of the marriage to Anne was treason
When was the Act of supremacy? what was it?
November 1534- made Henry the supreme head of the church of England
when was the Treason Act?
November 1534
when was the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown? what was it?
November 1534- the agnates that were paid to the pope would now be paid to the crown
when was Anne Boleyn executed?
19th May 1536
what caused Cromwells downfall?
Cromwell had arranged for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves, but she proved unsuitable for Henry and marriage was quickly annulled destroying Cromwells credibility
when was Cromwell executed?
he was accused of treason and Hersey and was executed on 28th July 1540
when did the final conciliar government last from?
1540-1547
who was the prominent leader of the final conciliar government?
the Duke of Norfolk
what were the political rivalries in government in Henry’s last years?
between Norfolk and Edward Seymour
what happened to the duke of Norfolk?
he was compromised by his son who had threatened kings throne and been executed. Norfolk was spared the axe but remained a prisoner in the tower
the was the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples?
1510
when was the first invasion of France?
1512- henrys was being used by Ferdinand as a distraction
when was the second invasion of France? what did it achieve?
1513- won the battle of spurs and captured towns of Therouanne and Tournai
when was war against Scotland declared?
1513
when was the battle of Flodden? what did it achieve?
September 1513- king James IV had crossed boarder and was defeated and killed leaving the Scottish throne in hands of infant James V
what was the Auld alliance?
the alliance between France and Scotland
when was the Treaty of Cambria? what was it?
1517- established peace between Holy Roman Empire and France
who was the Duke of Albany?
Hier presumptive to Scottish throne and member of French nobility, Henry and Wolsey saw him as a French agent
when was the Treaty London? what did it succeed in?
1518- ended Englands isolation creating general peace and wolsey emerged a leading diplomat
when was Wolsey appointed papal legate?
1518
when was the Field of the Cloth of Gold? what was it?
June 1520- a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I
when was the Treaty of Bruges with Charles V? what were the motivations behind it?
august 1521- meant Henry could improve relations with the pope, he believed he might gain more territory in France
what was the outcome of invading France in 1522 and 1523?
gained little but proved costly with parliament reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue
when was the 2nd invasion of Scotland? what was the outcome?
1542- Scots were defeated at solway moss and James V died shortly after, leaving the throne to baby Mary queen of Scots
what was the rough wooing?
the attempt by Henry to marry prince Edward to Mary queen of Scots
when was the Treaty of Greenwich? what did it proclaim?
1543- betrothed Edward and Mary
when was the final invasion of France?
1544- Henry desperate for military glory
how successful was the final invasion of France?
unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil but captured Boulogne
how did matters get worse for Henry in 1545?
- Francis I sent troops to Scotland for possible invasion of England
- English defeated at Ancrum Moor
- Henry’s flagship , the Mary rose sank
when was peace agreed with France?
1546
what did the final pursuit for glory in France cost Henry?
he sold much of the crown estate, borrowed large sums and debased the coinage. which significantly increased inflation
how many more peers were there at the end of Henry’s reign?
9 peers
what was the Wales Act? when was it?
1536- divided Wales into shire counties, gave welsh direct representation in house of commons and brought Wales into legal framework of England
when was the council of the north re-established?
1536 after the pilgrimage of grace
when was the pilgrimage of Grace?
1536 oct-dec
what was the motives for the pilgrimage of grace?
religious grievances such as the dissolution of monasteries
how was the pilgrimage of grace suppressed?
duke of Norfolk suppressed renewed rebellions, declared martial law and 74 rebels were hanged
how many people were executed for treason between 1532-1540?
308
how much did the cloth exports increase by under Henry VIII?
they doubled
what percentage of English cloth exports were carried by English ships?
70%
what did Wolsey do to address issue of enclosures?
set up a commission in 1517
how many people were found guilty of enclosing during Henry’s reign?
188
when was Cromwell appointed vicegerent in spirituals?
1534- made second only to the king
how many new dioceses were created?
6 though one was soon abolished
when were the first set of royal injunctions? what did they do?
1536- placed restriction on number of holy days and discouraged pilgrimages
when were the second set of royal injunctions? what did they do?
1538- pilgrimages and veneration of relics and images were condemned
also required each parish church to have a copy of the English bible
when did the great/English bible appear?
1539
when was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion? what was it?
1543- restricted public reading of the bible to upper class males
when were the Ten Articles? what were they?
1536- reduced 7 sacraments doen to 3 (baptism, penance, eucharist)
when was the Bishops Book? what was it?
1537- restored the 7 sacraments
when were the Six Articles? what were they?
1539- reasserted Catholic doctrine, denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical
when was the Kings Book? what was it?
1543- revised the Bishops Book
when was Henry excommunicated by the pope?
1538
who was burned for denying transubstantiation? when?
1546- Ann Askew
what survey did Cromwell carry out to establish wealth churches in 1535?
Valor Ecclesiasticus
when was the Act to dissolve smaller monasteries?
1536- those with an income of £200 or less per year
when was the Act to dissolve remaining monasteries?
1539
by what year had all religious houses been dissolved?
1540
how much did crown income increase by under Cromwell?
from £150,000 to £300,000
how much did Wolsey raise in subsidies and forced loans?
£322,099 subsidy and £260,000 forced loans
what was crown expenditure between 1509-1520?
£1.7 million- income gains could not finance war
when did Henry VIII die?
28th January 1547
How did Henry viii attempt to distance himself from his father?
Executes empson and dudley, shuts down council learned
how did Cromwell reform parliament?
he used parliament to pass legislation in areas of government and church through statute law made by the king in parliament. these laws could only be changed in parliament
when was the policy of debasement? what was the impact?
1544 and 1546 short term caused economic boom however long term created inflation and negative impacts on living standards
when did wolsey place a trade embargo on Spain?
1527 aligned English foreign policy with spain against France
what was the Act of resumption? when?
1515: returned some of crown land back to the crown to use to increase revenue
what did the Act of succession 1543 do?
re-legitimised Mary and elizabeths succession to the throne and reaffirmed Henrys ability to decide succession
how much of the population of Coventry had no personal wealth?
over half the population of Coventry recorded as having no personal wealth, along with 1/3 of Yarmouth
How many rebels took part in the pilgrimage of grace?
10,000
