Henry VII Relations With Foreign Powers

Question 1

What were Henry’s foreign policy aims?

Answer 1

Maintain good relations and defence

No intention of restarting the Hundred Years War with France🇫🇷!

Question 2

Why did Henry want to maintain positive relations with foreign powers?

Answer 2

National security
Recognition of the Tudor dynasty
Defence of English trading interests

Question 3

What was Brittany?

Answer 3

A fiefdom of the French crown which had enjoyed effective independence

Question 4

When did France invade Brittany?

Answer 4

1487

Question 5

Why did Henry summon parliament in 1489 after the French invasion of Brittany?

Answer 5

To get extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French
Had a sense of obligation to the Bretons
Feared that direct control of Brittany could increase a potential French threat to England

Question 6

What was the treaty with England and Brittany?

Answer 6

The treaty of Redon of February 1489

Question 7

What was involved in the treaty of Redon?

Answer 7

The duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from the French threat

Question 8

How did Henry try and strengthen his position against France in 1489?

Answer 8

An alliance with Maximilian the holy Roman emperor elect
He was a widower and had contracted a marriage by proxy with Anne so had no desire for the duchy of Brittany to fall into French hands

Question 9

What was France?

Answer 9

The most powerful European country

Question 10

Why was the English army marooned in Brittany?

Answer 10

Anne feared the futility of prolonged resistance to the French
She surrendered and married Charles VIII

Question 11

How did Henry’s first foreign adventure fail?

Answer 11

Perkin Warbeck sought French backing for his claim to the English throne
Maximilian lost interest

Question 12

How did Henry recover his position with France?

Answer 12

Launched an invasion of France in 1492
The French quickly sought a peace settlement
Henry knew Charles was more interested in an invasion of Italy

Question 13

When was the treaty of etaples signed?

Answer 13

November 1492

Question 14

What did Charles VIII agree to in the treaty of etaples?

Answer 14

Withdraw support for Warbeck

Pay a pension

Question 15

Where did the bulk of England’s exports go through?

Answer 15

The ports of the Netherlands 🇳🇱 like Antwerp

Came under burgundy’s jurisdiction

Question 16

Who was Margaret, duchess of burgundy?

Answer 16

Sister of Edward IV and Richard III

leading upholder of the Yorkist cause

Question 17

Why did relations between England and burgundy deteriorate?

Answer 17

Due to the hospitality which Maximilian and Philip were offering Warbeck

Question 18

What did Henry do to ease the matter of Burgundy’s support to Warbeck?

Answer 18

Embargo on English trade with Burgundy

Question 19

What was the issue of Henry’s trade embargo?

Answer 19

Showed Henry was prepared to sacrifice the commercial interests of London and east coast merchants which didn’t help his popularity in these areas

Question 20

How were the relations between England and Burgundy restored?

Answer 20

Warbeck left Burgundy

Henry and Philip agreed the Intercursus Magnus in 1496 which brought the trade embargo to an end

Question 21

What did Henry demand in the Intercursus Malus of 1506?

Answer 21

A trade deal which would have given a stronger trading position to English merchants in the Netherlands. Wasn’t enforced though

Question 22

What were 3 outcomes of the Treaty of Windsor (between England and Burgundy)?

Answer 22

Proposed marriage alliance between Henry and Philip’s sister, the Archduchess Margaret
Intercursus Malus
Philip agreed to hand over the Earl of Suffolk

Question 23

What was Spain?

Answer 23

Powerful state ruled over by Ferdinand and Isabella

Question 24

What did the Treaty of Medina del Campo of 1489 give Henry?

Answer 24

Mutual protection in the event of an attack
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Marriage alliance between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Aragon (married in 1501)

Question 25

What were the failures of the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Answer 25

Ferdinand reluctant to allow the marriage as long as Warbeck was a threat
Arguments of size of Catherine’s dowry

Question 26

What did the death of Arthur in 1502 mean for Henry and Ferdinand’s relationship?

Answer 26

Ferdinand reluctant for Catherine to marry Prince Henry. He didn’t need an English alliance and the marriage would require a papal dispensation (costly!)

Question 27

What did the death of Isabella in 1504 mean for Henry and Ferdinand’s relationship?

Answer 27

Ferdinand made a less significant political figure so Henry lost enthusiasm for the marriage. He supported Juana not Ferdinand in the succession struggle in Spain

Question 28

What caused the Treaty of Windsor?

Answer 28

Juana and Philip of Burgundy set sail for Spain in 1506 but ship wrecked at sea so took refuge in England

Question 29

Why was Philip of Burgundy’s death disastrous for Henry?

Answer 29

Juana went mad due to grief
So Ferdinand became regent of Castile
Ferdinand ensured the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine wouldn’t happen

Question 30

When did King James IV offer hospitality to Perkin Warbeck?

Answer 30

1495

Question 31

What hospitality did Warbeck receive from Scotland?

Answer 31

A pension

An aristocratic marriage

Question 32

When did James encourage Warbeck to cross the border with an army?

Answer 32

1496

Question 33

In what way did Warbeck’s invasion fail?

Answer 33

The army was small and received no support from the people of Northumberland
Quickly retreated back over the border when word was received that an English force was making its way north

Question 34

What did the 1497 Cornish rebellion mean for Anglo Scottish relations?

Answer 34

It was clear that it was in the interests of England and Scotland to secure an immediate truce

Question 35

When and why was Warbeck executed?

Answer 35

1499

Anglo Scottish relations improved so James had no diplomatic use for Warbeck

Question 36

What did the Treaty of Perpetual Peace of 1502 between England and Scotland agree?

Answer 36

James should marry Henry’s daughter Margaret

Question 37

What was the Pale?

Answer 37

The area of land surrounding Dublin

Where Henry’s power extended as far as

Question 38

Who had power over Ireland?

Answer 38

The descendants of the Geraldines and the Butlers

Question 39

Who was the dominant figure of Irish power?

Answer 39

the Earl of Kildare, leader of the Geraldines

Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477

Question 40

Why was the Earl of Kildare feared by Henry?

Answer 40

Kildare supported Lambert Simnel whom he crowned king of Ireland in 1486
Supported Warbeck in 1491

Question 41

How did Henry quieten the influence of Kildare?

Answer 41

Ruled the Pale through an Englishman rather than relying on the unreliable Irish aristocracy
Appointed Prince Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy

Question 42

How was Poynings successful in establishing royal authority in Ireland?

Answer 42

Threat of force
Use of bribery
Required the Irish parliament to pass Poynings’ Law in 1495

Question 43

What was Poynings’ Law?

Answer 43

Laid down that the Irish parliament couldn’t pass law without the prior approval of the English crown

Question 44

Why did Henry end up using Kildare as his deputy?

Answer 44

Poynings too expensive

Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and amassed a force that besieged the town of Waterford

Question 45

When did Kildare decide to serve Henry loyally? How?

Answer 45

1496

Secured the submission of the various Irish chieftains

Question 46

Why was Kildare eager to support his former enemy Henry?

Answer 46

Kildare able to use his office to rebuild his family’s fortunes