Henry ii (foreign threats by 1170)

Question 1

What did Rhys of Deheubarth do in 1162?

Answer 1

In 1162 Rhys of Deheubarth rebelled against Henry II, seizing Llandovery Castle, whilst Henry was in France

Question 2

What did Henry do in response to Rhys in 1163?

Answer 2

In 1163 Henry returned to England, fought Rhys and Llandovery and captured him

Later that year he ordered all the Welsh princes to Woodstock to pay him homage

Question 3

How did Rhys respond in 1164?

Answer 3

Rhys, resisting English oversight into Welsh matters, rebelled again in 1164

Question 4

What happened when Henry left in 1165 for Flanders?

Answer 4

Henry left England in 1165 to Flanders, leaving the Welsh princes to unite under Rhys and take up arms against Henry

Question 5

What did Henry do as a response to Rhys in 1165

Answer 5

Henry had to quickly return to England that year and fight the princes in the Vale of Ceiriog

This was Henry’s largest military campaign, involving hired mercenaries from Europe and Ireland

Question 6

How succesful was Henry at first?

Answer 6

Henry did not manage to defeat the princes, but also did not suffer heavy losses himself

Question 7

What did Henry do in his rage and what did this result in?

Answer 7

In a display of un-diplomatic rage, Henry blinded and hanged 22 of the hostages he had taken

This naturally only led to more fighting, with Owain and Rhys taking the castle at Rhuddlan in 1167

Question 8

What did Owain do in 1168?

Answer 8

In 1168, Owain even sent envoys to Louis VII to attempt to form an alliance

Question 9

However, what happened to Owain in 1170 and what did this lead to?

Answer 9

In 1170, however, Owain died, leading to infighting amongst the Welsh princes

Question 10

What happened in 1171 with Rhys and Henry?

Answer 10

A year later Rhys met Henry II in Pembroke and freely offered him submission

Question 11

What did Henry do due to fear of Scottish rebellion?

Answer 11

Nervous of Scottish rebellion, Henry held Malcolm IV’s brother, David hostage

Question 12

What happened to Malcom in 1165?

Answer 12

In 1165, Malcolm died and William The Lion succeeded to the throne

Question 13

What did William do in 1168?

Answer 13

establishing an alliance with France in 1168

Question 14

What did Henry do in 1170 to appease the Scottish?

Answer 14

To try and keep the peace and appease the Scottish, Henry knighted David in 1170

Question 15

What was the state of Ireland in 1154?

Answer 15

By 1154, Ireland was not under the control of the Catholic Church or Henry II rather, Brehons, ancient Celtic law-holders were in charge

Christianity was the main religion, but the pope had little to no control

Question 16

What did the Pope at the time suggest to Henry?

Answer 16

Adrian IV, the pope, in 1157 told Henry II that he should try and gain control over Ireland so that the papacy could expand its dominion

Question 17

How did Rory O’Connor respond to the Pope’s proposal?

Answer 17

Irish baron Rory O’Conner opposed this proposal as he wanted to rule Ireland himself and by 1166, O’Connor had expanded his control to other fiefs

Question 18

How did Dermot MacMurrough respond to O’Conner?

Answer 18

Dermot MacMurrough, a fellow Irish baron, nervous of O’Conner’s ambitions offered his daughter’s hand in marriage to any English barons who could help

Question 19

Who answered Dermot’s offer?

Answer 19

Richard fitzGilbert de Clare who was in a lot of debt and wanted a shot at Irish wealth

Question 20

What did Richard do in 1170?

Answer 20

In 1170, fitzGilbert de Clare invaded Ireland with a small military
His superior tactics meant he slaughtered the Irish

Question 21

What was the state of Ireland by 1170?

Answer 21

Although this conflict momentarily reduced the power of the Irish, it left an ambitious and violent English earl in charge

Question 22

What was Henry’s role in Anjou

Answer 22

Henry II, now Seneschal of Anjou, enjoyed semi-royal status in France

Question 22

What unpopular decison did Henry make in 1162

Answer 22

However, Henry made the unpopular decision to centralise his control of Brittany by declaring in 1162 that all land inheritance went his way

Question 23

What happened in Brittany in 1165

Answer 23

By 1165, the barons of Brittany were fed-up of Henry II’s rule, leading to a rebellion in 1165 led by Ralph Fougeres

Question 24

Who responded to Ralph's rebellion?

Answer 24

Henry was in England dealing with Welsh threats from 1163-1166, so it was Eleanor of Aquitaine who was left as regent over the French territories

Question 25

How did Eleanor respond to Ralph?

Answer 25

In response to Ralph’s rebellion, Eleanor ordered an attack on Ralph, however few followed her command leading to a failed campaign

Question 26

When did henry return to Brittany and with what?

Answer 26

Henry returned to Brittany in 1166 with a successful military campaign destroying Ralph’s forces

Question 27

What did Henry do to ensure long term stability in Brittany?

Answer 27

To secure more long-term stability in the region, Henry married his son Geoffrey to a local count’s daughter which led to the barons paying Henry homage in 1166

Question 28

When did Louis invade the Vexin and why?

Answer 28

Louis VII had noticed Henry’s frantic attempts to maintain his Angevin empire and realised that 1167 was a tactical time to try and rebalance the relationship between the two kings Louis VII invaded The Vexin in 1167, despite the fact it was enshrined in a marriage deal

Question 29

How did Henry respond to Louis' invasion of the Vexin?

Answer 29

Henry II, furious, responded by setting alight Louis’s arsenal in Chaumonte which bordered his Aquitanian lands This triggered a series of skirmishes between the two on the borders of Normandy

Question 30

What did Henry do during the war in 1168?

Answer 30

Henry II set fire to more than 40 French villages in 1168 during this dispute, making Louis look like he can’t protect his own people

Question 31

What was Louis forced to do in 1169?

Answer 31

This pressure forced Louis to sign a peace treaty in 1169 called the Peace of Montmirail

Question 32

What were the terms of the treaty of Montmirail?

Answer 32

The terms of the deal were Henry II’s eldest son, Henri, would be crowned in Henry II’s lifetime and would inherit England, Normandy, Brittany, Maine and Anjou when he becomes king Henry would also be made Seneschal of France Henry II’s second son, Richard, would inherit Aquitaine and become a French baron, paying homage to the French crown, marrying Louis’ daughter, Alice Henry II’s third son, Geoffrey would inherit Brittany and Normandy from Henry

Question 33

What were the consequences of the treaty?

Answer 33

This would mean Henry would have a clear line of succession, with no political in- fighting and a successor who would have ownership over the lands Henry II had inherited himself This would result in a cohesion of French-English families. Whilst the offspring of Henry and Louis would be very powerful, this deal resulted in the weakening of both families in the immediacy This also settled border disputes – what was Henry II’s was now his, and the same with Louis

Question 34

What did this mean for Philip Augustus?

Answer 34

Philip Augustus, with his sister Margaret married to the next king of England, and his sister Alice marrying the second eldest, would have immense political control over swaths of land

Question 35

What did Henry use his new autonomy for in French Lands?

Answer 35

Henry II used this new autonomy over his lands to destroy rebel castles in Aquitaine and Brittany to prevent further rebellion, and built a huge ditch between The Vexin and Louis’ territories for the same reason