Henry 8 Flashcards
done
1
Q
how was H8 described at the time?
A
extrovert, affable and charming
2
Q
what did H8 have a profound dislike for?
A
business of government
found that writing and reading of state papers was tedious and painful
3
Q
what were H8’s key aims?
A
establish his status amongst European monarchs through marriage
re-establish the role of the nobility
establish himself as a warrior king through success in battle
4
Q
did H8 have any gov or public affairs experience?
A
no
5
Q
what did H7 leave for H8?
A
money
unpopular machanisms for extracting money
peaceful foreign policy
conciliar form of gov
6
Q
who was H8’s first wife?
A
Catherine of Aragon, Arthur’s widow
7
Q
why did H8’s councillors dislike the idea of him being married?
A
they felt it would take him away from important government matters
8
Q
when did H8 marry CoA?
A
11 June 1509
9
Q
when did H8 start the regret his marriage ti CoA?
A
mid 1520s when she couldn’t produce a male heir
10
Q
why did H8’s style of government change over his reign?
A
because he had others do his work for him
11
Q
what were the 2 main functions of government at this time?
A
grant extraordinary rev and pass laws
12
Q
who was H8’s first minister?
A
Thomas Wolsey
13
Q
how many times did H8 meet with Parliament?
A
9
14
Q
what did Wolsey think of Parliament?
A
saw it distasteful, only one parliament was called during his dominance
15
Q
what did Wolsey think of Parliament?
A
regarded parliament with distaste
16
Q
what did Cromwell think of Parliament?
A
he exploited its legislative possibilities and they met much more frequently then Wolsey’s dominance
17
Q
when was a conciliar approach to government adopted?
A
1509 and lasted till 1514
18
Q
what were the factors that brought the conciliar government to an end?
A
senior concillors didnt support war w france
he asserted his control in decision making
surrounded himself with like-minded young courtiers
became particularly impressed by the organisational skills of Wolsey
19
Q
how did Wolsey become a dominant political figure?
A
was able to give the king exactly what he wanted or convinced the king of what he wanted
20
Q
what were Wolsey’s main concerns with?
A
legal system
formulation of domestic policy
political decision making
21
Q
what was the area of parliament that lay out of Wolseys immediate control?
A
the Privy Chamber
22
Q
who was apart of the Privy Chamber?
A
the king’s ‘minions’
became Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
23
Q
why did the ‘minions’ distrust Wolsey?
A
he wanted to neutralise their influence
24
Q
when did Wolsey remove the ‘minions’ from the Privy Chamber?
A
1519
25
what is the court of chancery?
main court of equity in the kingdom were justice was based on applying fairness through a strict reading of the common law
26
what was Wolsey's role in the court of Chancery?
Lord Chancellor
27
what was the Lord Chancellor responsible for?
overseeing the legal system
had the right to preside over the court of Chancery
28
how did Wolsey use the court of Chancery?
used it to deal with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left to others in wills
29
what was the problem with the court of chancery?
became too popular and justice was slow since it became clogged up with too many cases
30
what was the purpose of the court of the star chamber from 1516?
to increase cheap and fair justice
31
what did Wolsey create to deal with the success of the court of the star chamber?
overthrow tribunals - a permanent committee which he set up in 1519 became the ancestor of the later court of requests whose job was to deal with cases involving the poor
32
hwo did Wolsey raise extraordinary revenue for H8's war with France?
he set up a national committee to assess taxpayer's wealth and with direct assessment the nations revenue base became much more realistic
33
what is the Amicable Grant?
1525, Wolsey hadn't raised enough for H8's war with France - was supposed to be used as a free gift to the king but it was a havy tax issued without Parliamentary approval
34
what did the amicable grant lead to?
widespread resistance and almost a rebellion?
35
what did Wolsey introduce in 1526?
the Eltham Ordinances in order to reform the finances of the Privy Council
36
what did the Eltham Ordinances do?
helped H8 control finances
helped wolsey get some control over the privy chamber - reduced men in the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, removal of H8's Groom of the Stool to Henry Norris
37
what is the King's Great Matter?
38
what is the King's Great Matter?
H8 wanted an annulment from CoA to marry AB and Wolsey was required to secure papal dispensation for the annulement
39
when was the King's Great Matter?
mid-1520's
40
why did H8 wish to annule CoA?
she had passed child bearing age with no son
book of Leviticus contained prohibition on a man marrying his brother's widow
41
why wasnt H8 able to annule CoA?
CoA claimed that she never consummated her marriage to Arthur therefore her marriage with H8 is valid
and when Wolsey called for a fake court to "accuse" H8 of living in sin with CoA, she refused to accept the court's verdict and in accordance to church law she appealed to the pope
42
when was Wolsey charged with praemunire?
Oct 1529
43
what is praemunire?
a parliamentary statue enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interference in the rights of the Crown to make appointment to Church office
44
when was Wolsey arrested?
4 Nov 1530 - died night before execution at Leicester Abbey 29 nov
45
who was H8's second minister?
Thomas Cromwell 1532-1540
46
what did Cromwell suggest to h8 to deal with his great matter?
to break with Rome and make himself the head of the English Church
47
what did Cromwell change about Parliament?
diminished the role of the royal household
his own position as secretary was given new importance and status
placed himself at the head of a developing state bureaucracy
Privy Council assumed a significant role in managing gov
Parliament grew in importance
48
what aspects were weakened in the Catholic church which made the break from rome easier?
weakened by humanist criticisims
churchs claim to legal supremacy had been challenged in 1528 by Christopher St German
H8 had been supplied with more intellectual justifications by means of the Collectanea Satis Copiosa - historical documents - looked to justify the king's divorce
H8 had sought and received expert opinions on his marital situation from a number of continental universities
49
how did H8 and Cromwell pressue the pope?
1531 - Clergy collectively accised of praemunire and fined - began sustained attack on the clergy, forced clergy to acknowledge H8 as 'Protector and Supreme head of the English Church'
1532 - Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates - designed to increase pressure on the papacy by withholding conditionally the first years income from the office of bishop
1532 - House of Commons Supplication agaisnt the Ordinaries - designed to increase anticlerical pressure within House of Commons
1532 - Formal Submission of the Clergy to H8 - provoked resignation of Sir Thomas More as Lord Chancellor
50
how did Anne Boleyn force the annulement?
consented to sexual relations with H8 in the gamble of becoming pregnant which would force him to take decisive action
she became pregnant in december 1532
married on 25 jan 1533 - catholic church said it was invalid
51
when did H8 and CoA annule?
May 1533
52
when was princess Elizabeth born?
7 September 1533
53
what was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
April 1533
declared that appeals could not be made to Rome regarding Church court decisions 'in causes matrimonial' and other areas - meant CoA could not appeal to rome agaisnt her marriage annulement
54
what was the act of succession?
April 1534
H8's marriage to CoA was void
succession should be vested in the children of his marriage to AB
to deny the validity of H8's marriage to AB was treasonable
55
what is the Act of Supremacy?
Nov 1534
gave legislative force to the royal supremacy
'the king's majesty justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England'
accomplished the break from rome
56
what is the Treason Act?
Nov 1534
tightened so that treason could be committed by the spoken word as well as by deed or writing and so that it was treasonable to describe the king as 'heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infidel or usurpuer of the Crown'
57
what is the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown?
Nov 1534
the annates paid by the bishop now became perfectly acceptable when paid to the king
increased the financial burden on the clergy and strengthed royal supremacy
58
when was the dissolution of the monastries?
1536-1542
59
what was the dissolution of the monastries?
vast amount of church land's were confiscated by the crown - increased wealth and power of crown - raised money for foreign policy
60
what was Anne Bolyen's fall?
Cromwell felt threatened by anne's relationship with H8 so pursuaded H8 to believe that AB's flirtatious manner had led to adultery
she was more vulnerable with CoA died in Jan 1536
executed in 19 may 1536
61
when did jane seymour?
after the birth of Edward in 1537
62
what was the fall of Cromwell?
1540, Crom tried to reconcile H8 with the League of Schmalkalden by arranging a marriage with Prot princess Anne of Cleves - match was unwelcome politically and H8 thought she was ugly so it didnt work - destroyed Cromwell's credibility with H8
accused of treason and heresy and executed on 28 July 1540
63
how did H8 met Catholic KH?
she was neice of enemy duke of norfolk, and she was free to marry him
married 28 july 1540
64
when was a conciliar gov restored?
1540
65
what did the fall of Cromwell do in government?
encouraged the emergence of the Privy Council with fixed membership supported by a secretary
66
where did power lay in 1540 in the council?
conservatives - e.g., Norflok, stephen Gardiner and Thomas Wriothesdley
67
why as KH executed?
allegations of an affair between KH and her distant cousin Thomas Culpepper
executed 13 February 1542
Duke of Norflok wounded politically
68
when did H8 marry CP?
12 July 1543
69
who was Duke of Norfolk's political rival?
Edward Seymour
70
who was Edward Seymour?
brother of Jane Seymour
71
who also compromised Norfolk?
his son Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey who was executed for treason
72
why was Duke of Norfolk spared of execution?
H8 died but he remained prisoner in town throughout E6's reign
73
when was the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples?
1510
74
when was the Holy League created agaisnt the French?
1511
75
when was the first french invasion?
1512
10,000 men to south-west France
achieved nothing
76
when was the second invasion of France?
1513
77
what happened in the second invasion of France?
Battle of Spurs (English successful)
capture of towns therouanne and tournai
78
when was the battle of flodden?
September 1513
79
what happened at the battle of flodden?
King James VI crossed border with substantial force but was defeated by smaller English army quickly put together - James killed and much of Scottish nobility
80
what were the consequences of H8's military adventures in 1513?
very costly - had to liquidate assets inherited from H7 to pay for it
rumblings about the taxation in Yorkshire
renegotiated french pension lost
tournai eventually sold back to French
81
what are the 3 main points about the basis of policy making from late 1514 to 1526?
England remained a relatively minor power
H8 significantly overestimated English power
auld alliance between France and Scotland remained strong
82
at the end of 1514, what consequences did H8 face because he ran out of money for foreign policy?
H8 was unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of James 4
he sought peace with France
83
when did H8's sister Mary marry Louis 12 of France?
1514
84
when did Louis 12 die?
1515
85
when did Ferdinand of Aragon die?
1516
86
when was the Treaty of Noyon?
1516
87
what was the Treaty of Noyon?
France abandoned its claims to the Kingdom of Naples and received the Duchy of Milan as compensation
88
when was the treaty of cambrai?
1517
89
what was the Treaty of Cambrai?
ended a phase of wars between France an HRE
90
when was the treaty of London?
1518
91
what was the treaty of London?
peace between France, England and Spain
92
when did King Charles of Spain become Holy Roman Emperor?
1519
93
when was the field of the cloth of gold?
1520
94
what was the field of the cloth of gold?
grand european festival to improve relations between france and england
95
when was the treaty of Burges?
1521
96
what was the treaty of bruges?
alliance between Spain and England during Italian war
97
why did H8 sign treaty of bruges?
could improve his relations with pope
believed he could gain more territory in France
marriage alliance with HRE and daughter mary
98
when did English armies invade northern France?
1522 and 1523
gained little and Parliament reluctant to fund it
99
when was the battle of pavia?
1525
100
what were the 3 major consequences of H8's disagreement with Charles 5?
ego bruised cause he was forced to back down
resentment towards Charles 5 cause he rejected marriage contract with princess mary
wolsey domestic prestige didnt recover
101
when was the Treaty of Amiens?
1527
102
what is the treaty of amiens?
anti-imperial alliance with the french (agaisnt HRE)
103
when were the French defeated at Landriano?
1529
104
when was the alliance between England and France?
1532
105
when was the renewal of fighting between HRE and France from 1529?
1538
106
when was there fear of invasion in England and why?
1539
pope attempts to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade
107
why was pressure on H8 reduced in 1536?
death of CoA and execution of AB opened up possibility of alliance with emperor
108
why was h8's position in 1538 weakened?
Charles and Francis buried differences in Treaty of Nice and agreeed to sever connections with England
Pope Paul III published a bull deposing H8 and absolving English Catholics crusade agaisnt H8
109
what was the role of the Six Articles in 1539?
enforces Catholic doctrine on 6 issues
transubstantiation
communion
clerical celibacy
vows of chastity
private mass
auricular confession
110
why was H8 in a much more secure position then he thought?
Francis and Charles didnt trust each other
111
what were H8's concerns with Ireland?
Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare - played complex double game - an English courtier, servant of the crown and most powerful Gaelic chief
H8 found it difficult to govern ireland with kildare but without him he found it impossible
rebellion in ireland in 1534
invasion of the pale in 1539 by 2 nobles
112
where did England remain control in Ireland?
Pale, area surrounding Dublin
113
what was the rebellion in ireland in 1534?
agaisnt dismissal of Kildare
led by Thomas Fitzgerald, earl of ossory (kildares son)
suppressed with difficulty and considerable expense
was an attempt to refashion Irish gov - failed
increasing drain on crowns resources
114
what was the invasion of the pale in 1539?
Con O'Neill and Manus O'Donnell
gov regained control and tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as a separate kingdom in 1541 imposing English laws
115
when was the invasion of Scotland?
1542
116
what happened in the invasion of Scotland?
Scots forced into military action with demands they could not have met
Scots heavily defeated at Battle of Solway Moss
James V died - heir one week old daughter Mary
117
when was the Treaty of Greenwich?
1543 - England and Scotland
118
what was included in the Terms of the Treaty of Greenwich?
Prince Ed and MQoS were to be betrothed
119
what did H8 do when the Treaty of Greenwich failed?
ordered Earl of Hertford to carry out a raid on Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews
120
what can H8 be criticised for regarding the failure of his scottish policies?
he neglected opportunity to secure his policy via military force in 1542
he failed to heed Sadler's warnings about scottish hostility
he didnt give any thought about Scottish reactions about the raids
121
who helped H8 invade France in 1544?
HRE - H8 headed the army despite health problems
122
what happened during the invasion of France in 1544?
Henry realised a march on Paris would be unsuccessful so the English army confined itself in vicinity of Calais
English captured Boulogne
Emperor then made separate peace with France
123
what happened in 1545 during the French Invasion?
Francis sent troops to Scotland to reinforce possible invasion of England
English defeated at Battle of Ancrum Moor
separate French force landed in Isle of Wight
Henry's flagsip, the Mary Rose, sank in the Solent
124
why was peace argued in 1546 between England and France?
French failed to recapture Boulogne and the invasion of northern England never materialised
England and France could no longer afford the war
125
what did H8 have to do to pay for the war with France in 1544-46?
extraordinary revenue didn't fund all of the war
had to sell much of Crown estate
borrowed large sums
debased coinage
led to significant increase in inflation
126
what children did Henry have with CoA?
stillborn son
son which died at 7 weeks
Mary
127
when was Mary born?
1516
128
what did H8 think cause his inability to have a survivng son with CoA?
that it was God's punishment for marrying his brothers widow - agaisnt canon law
129
when was Elizabeth born?
1533
130
what did the Succession Act of 1534 do?
made Lix heir presumptive declaring Mary illegitimate
131
what did H8 think caused his inability to have a son with AB?
divine punishment
132
what did the Succession Act of 1536 do?
declared Liz illegitimate
said that H8 could determine the succession by will or letters patent
133
what are letters patent?
legal instrument issued by the monarch in the exercise of his or her perogative powers
134
after the succession act of 1536, what did H8 consider doing?
legitimating his son, the Duke of Richmond (Henry Fitzroy)
135
when was Edward born?
1537
136
what did the Succession Act of 1543 so?
re-legitimated Mary and Elizabeth
reaffirmed Henry's right to determine the succession by will or letters patent
137
when was the succession confirmed?
in H8's will 30 Decemeber 1546
138
what did H8's will do?
Henry's sister would be heir if his children died
set up a regency council to act on Ed behalf
139
what did the traditional nobles and the greater gentry represent?
social elite
140
what did the social elite wield?
considerable political and economic influence
141
how did the peerage increase by thoughout h8's reign?
9
142
how did most peers achieve their rank?
result of successful royal service as courtiers or soldiers - enhanced by close family relationships
143
who was the only duke when H8 came to the throne?
Duke of Buckingham
144
who did H8 promote to duke during his reing?
Norfolk and Suffolk
145
what was the distinction between Norfolk and Suffolk?
Norfolk was restored to the title which had been enjoyed by his father
Suffolk seems to have been promoted on account of the closeness of his personal relationship with the king in a move which prompted criticism in some quaters
146
what property was given to Suffolk in 1536 and why?
property in Lincolnshire
so the he could exert authority in person
147
what were nobles expected to have and do with their lands?
have great households and offer hospitality to their affinity and neighbours
148
whats an affinity?
those who had relationships with a person of higher status
149
what happened ti Thomas Fiennes, Baron Dacre of the South in 1541?
tried for murder of a neighbours servant - convicted and hanged
150
what happened to the duke of buckingham in 1521/
executed for treason on the vaguest of charges
151
what happened to Henry Pole, Baron Montague and Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter in 1538?
accused of treasonable conspiracy and executed
152
how many gentry families were in england by 1540?
5000
153
why were knighthoods conferred?
as a sign of royal favour
154
how many knightly families were there in England in 1524?
200
155
what was a gentleman who was entitled to bear a coat of arms deemed as?
an esquire
156
who was an esquire certified by?
royal heralds
157
what were royal heralds unwilling to do?
grant or confirm the title to anyone with lands worth less than £10 per annum or goods worth under £300
158
what did the increase of the JPs do?
numbers of those who participated in loacl administration
159
what were the gentry increasingly keen on ?
their sons acquiring the legal training which would make them better able to take on such roles as could offer the basis for local advancement
160
what were the crowns local administrators likely to be?
clergymen and laymen whose office holding often generated the income which would bring about landownership and gentry status
161
what did a raise in inflation lead to?
drop in real incomes which contributed to the ill feeling felt by many towards the imposition of the Amicable Grant
162
what did the Act of 1536 do in Wales?
divided Wales into shire counties which operated on the same basis as their English counterparts
Welsh shires direct representation in the House of Commons
brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
163
what were the 3 english counties that were the 'palatinates'?
Lancashire, Chesire and Durham
164
what were the palantinates essentially?
separate juristictions
165
what did the Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown of 1536 do?
reduced the level of independence enjoyed by the bishop but did not destroy it completely - the palatinate court of chancery continued to operate
166
what came under the jurisdiction of the Council of Wales and the Marches?
Shropshire
Herefordshire
Worcestershire
Gloucestershire
167
what did the Council of Wales and the Marches offer?
relatively cheap and local access to the law and could therefore be seen as a benefit to the area under its jurisdiction
168
what border remained problematic for h8 and why?
Anglo-Scottish border
difficult to police
169
why was the Anglo-Scottish border difficult to police?
much of it was remote and often inhospitable in the winter months
170
what was common along the anglo-scottish border?
cattle and sheep restling were rife
violence
171
how many marches was the anglo-scottish border split into?
3
172
why would appointing from a local noble family by risky?
run the risk that the noble would exploit his office to enhance his own power at the king's expense
173
what groups were more likely to owe complete loyalty to the king if appointed as a warden?
gentry class
complete outsiders
174
what were problems of governance demonstrated by?
Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536
175
what did the Pilgrimage of Grace lead h8 and Cromwell to do?
re-establish the Council as a permanent body based in York with a professional staff - had both administrative and legal functions
176
how did re-establishing the Council as a permanent body after the Pilgrimage of Grace show its worth?
kept the north quiet during the summer of rebellions in 1549
177
what improvements were made in society during the early sixteenth century?
quality of the clergy
Cardinal Wolsey had dissolved some redundant monasteries using their endowment for educational purposes
178
what did Cromwell's injunctions of 1536 do?
attacked many of the traditional practices of Catholicisim
179
what did Cromwells dissolution of the monastires and the injunctions of 1536 provoke?
fears that these reforms might be accompanied by an attack on the parish churches
180
what were the long-lasting social consequences of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
a huge amount of land was removed from the church and given to the Crown - by 1547, almost 2/3 of the monastic land acquired by the Crown had been sold off or granted away
many monastries had been noted for their educational provision
many monks and nuns were rendered unemployed
some monastries played a very sonsiderable role in the communities in which they were situated - provided education, employment and buisness opportunities
some communities went to considerable lengths to try protect their monastries
181
what did the Amicable Grant in 1525 led to?
refusal to pay
strongest resistance in north Essex and south Suffolk
182
how many people gathered at the Essex-Suffolk border and were determined to resist the payment of the Amicable Grant in 1525?
1000
183
how many taxation resisters were Norfolk and Suffolk faced with?
4000 unemployed cloth workers who found it impossible to pay the levy
184
what was h8's response to the resistance to taxation?
he backed down - showed that H8 could not operate in defiance of the taxpaying classes
185
why did Wolsey bed H8 to do after the resistance to taxation?
offer pardon to those who he saw as his Suffolk countrymen and the leaders of the resistance were treated leniently
186
what cause the Lincolnshire rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace?
impact of h8's religious changes
huge resentment towardsgov which was pushing too quickly for fundemental religious change that most couldnt understand sparked off the rebellion
187
what were the 2 religious motives behind the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Dissolution of the monastries
Fear for parish churches and traditional religious practices
188
when did the dissolution of the monastries start?
early autumn 1536
dissolving of the smaller monastries
189
what were the effects of the dissolution of the monastries?
loss of the charitable and educational functions
possible loss of parish churches
fear that the north would be impoverished by monastic land falling into the hands of southerners
usefulness of facilities and services which the monastries offered
190
what cause the fear for the parish churches and traditional religious practices?
1536 injunctions drawn up by Cromwell was seen as attacking them
191
what was included in the 1536 injunctions that caused fear for parishes and traditional religious practices?
the celebration of locally important saints had been discouraged
linked to the discouragement of pilgrimage
church plate and jewels would be confiscated and that parishes might be amalgamated (combined)
192
what were the secular motives of the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace?
economic grieviances
attempts to impose the Duke of Suffolk upon Lincolnshire as a great magnate may intially have sparked the rebellion in Lincolnshire
supporters of Catherine of Aragon - main motive was the restoration of Princess Mary as heir
192
how was the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace suppressed?
sent an army north led by the Duke of Norfolk
Norfolk was outnumbered, so defused the rebellion by offering a pardon and the promised that the monasteries would be restored and a free parliament would be established - no intention of acting upon it
193
where and when was the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace renewed?
Feb 1537
Cumberland and East Riding
194
what was the response to the renewal of the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace?
it was quickly suppressed
74 rebels hanged
several members of the gentry and heads of monastic houses were tried and executed
195
what products had an increase in export?
cloth
woolen cloth doubled
hides
tin
cheaper fabric
196
what product had a decrease in export?
raw wool
197
what product jad an increase in import?
wine
198
what were the leading routes for export?
London to Antwerp
Southampton boomed
199
what percent of cloth exports were by English merchants?
70%
199
where were the greatest growth in cloth industry in England?
West Riding of Yorkshire
East Anglia
parts of the West Country
200
what ores grew in importance?
lead and coal
201
what did the production of blast furnaces in Sussex and Kent produce?
more iron
202
what did Robert Thorne do during h8's reign?
continued his involvement in Iceland and Newfoundland fishing
203
where was Sebastian Cabot during h8's reign?
remained in Spain and returned when E6 took the throne
204
what did Sebastain Cabot do in h8's reing?
assisted in map-making by Robert Thornes son
205
what increased during h8's reign?
population
agricultural prices
farming incomes
debasement of the coinage had short boom in 1544-46
unemployment
homelessness
206
what decreased during h8's reign?
real wages
harvests (had bad harvests in 1520-21 and 1527-29)
207
what were the effects of enclosure?
poor forced to leave home
legislation agaisnt enclosure in 1515
wolsey had an enclosure commission in 1517 - proceedings launched successfully
bulk of damage happened before 1485 - didnt prevent further legislation in 1534 which attempts to limit sheep ownership and engrossing
208
where was enclosure practised?
largely regional practised commonly in midlands
209
what did an increase to the population lead to?
strain on food supply
210
what did farmers enjoy by responding quickly to market conditions?
enjoyed better material conditions
211
what did society become during h8?
polarised - undermined traditional ideas of good lordship and social responsibility
assumed the poor was poor because of their own idleness
212
who was the most significant humanist voice in education?
John Colet
213
how did John Colet show his intiative?
appointed the school's governors members from a city guild, not clergymen
laid down a curriculum and teaching methods derived from humanist principles
214
what schools adopted Platonist educational principles?
St Paul's and Magdalen College School in Oxford
215
what are the principles of Platonism?
justice, piety, courage, modesty, moderation, and wisdom
216
what schools were influenced by the Paltonist principles?
Cardinal colleges in Oxford and St John's College in Cambridge
217
what did Wolsey give his personal commitment to regarding education?
improvement by founding his college and also a school in his home town, Ipswich
218
what controversy in 1518 demonstrated support for Erasmus?
controversy Greek New Testament at Oxford had led some dons to condemn the study of Greek
218
what were the signs of the influence of Renaissance ideas on English culture?
knowledge of classical learning increased amongst the elite groups in society
growing number of schools became influenced by humanist approaches to education
h8 saw himself as a promoter of new ideas and of humanism
219
who was the most important humanist writer and why?
Thomas More - combined his intellectual interests with his work as a lawyer and statesman
220
who did h8 commisson to produce the tombs of his parents and grandmother?
Pietro Torrigiano
221
what is one of the finest examples of late 15th century perpendicular Gothic architecture?
The Lady Chapel
222
what was the purpose of the chapel of King's college in Cambridge?
to celebrate the marriage of H8 and AB in 1530s
223
who was the best known painter at court?
Haus Holbein
224
what were tapestries and what did they display?
Flemish in origin and often displayed chivalric themes from medieval culture
225
what building style did h8 prefer?
gothic
226
what building style did Wolsey prefer?
classical influence
227
what was h8 a generous patron of?
music and musicians
228
what was corruption associated with?
the church
229
what are the 3 types of corruption in church?
pluralism
simony
non-residence
230
what is pluralsim?
receiving profits from more than one post
231
what is simony?
the purchase of church office
232
what is non-resdence?
recieving the profits of a post but not being present to perform the duties associated with it
233
who is the best example of a corrupt clergyman?
Wolsey
234
what is anticlericalism?
opposition to religious authority
235
who commonly objected to the influence of canon law?
common lawyers
236
what cause considerable criticism in church?
clerical misconduct
237
what was the worst example of clerical misconduct?
death of Richard Hunne
238
why did wolsey secure the dissolution of twenty religious houses in the 1520s?
to fund the establishment of Cardinal College, Oxford
239
when was Martin Luther's attack on the Catholic Church start?
1517
240
who was Martin Luther?
German monk
241
who was the leading figure of the future reformers?
Robert Barnes
242
who were the 2 most influential humanists in royal circles?
Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher
243
who tutored prince Edward?
John Cheke
244
who tutored princess Elizabeth?
Roger Ascham
245
what was significant about the king becoming the head of the church?
confirmed by the Act of Supremacy in 1534
act did not confer the supremacy on the king
246
what wsa the significance of the king appointing Cromwell Vicegerent in Spirituals in 1534?
outranked archbishops and bishops (everyone but the king)
gave him considerable power
position died with him
247
what was the significance of the six new dioceses being created?
it was an attempt to improve the church's administration
248
what is the Valor Ecclesiasticus?
survey set up by Cromwell in 1535 to discover how rich the church was
249
how did Cromwell kick off the dissolution of the monasteries?
sent four 'visitors' around the country to inspect all monastic institutions
250
what came of the four visitors?
they found much to criticise
provided cromwell with enough evidence to justify bringing the Act of Parliament in 1536 to dissolve the smaller manastries (those with an income of £200 or under)
machanism fro preserving and improving the quality of manasticism
251
what started the attack on traditional religious practices?
1536 royal injunctions
1538 royal injunctions
252
what did the 1536 royal injunctions do?
placed restriction on the number of holy days observed
discouraged pilgrimages
253
what did the 1538 set of royal injunctions do?
pilgrimages and veneration of relics and images were condemned as 'works devised as men's fantasies'
implications for traditional worship were undoubtedly radical
254
what did each parish require?
an English Bible
encourage 'every person to read the same, as that which is the lively word of God, that, every Christian man is bound to embrace'
254
when was the first edition of the Great bible?
1539
255
when was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion?
1543
256
what did the Act for the Advancement of True Religion do?
restricted the public reading of the Bible to upper-class males
257
what 2 protestant beliefs were introduced?
justification by faith
consubstantiation
258
what is justification by faith?
the belief that a person can achieve grace by faith alone, regardless of good works
259
what is consubstantiation?
bread and wine of the Eucharist are spiritually the body and blood of Christ
260
what did the Ten Articles, 1536, do?
3 sacraments (baptism, penance and Eucharist) were seen as necessary to salvation
Confession was praised
Praying to saints for remission of sins was rejected
261
what was the significance of the Ten Articles, 1536?
ambiguous document that showed Lutheran and Catholic influences on the development of the doctrine
262
what did the Bishops' book in 1537 do?
restored the 4 sacraments omitted from the Ten Articles but given a lower status
263
what was the significance of the Bishops' book in 1537?
a more conservative document then Ten Articles
264
what did the Six Articles in 1539 do?
reasserted Catholic doctrine
Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical
265
what was the significance of the six article act in 1539?
triumph for the conservative
founded on the assumption tha there had been too much religious controversy and that this undermined the good ordering of society
266
what was the kings book in 1543 do?
revised the Bishops' book?
267
what was the significance of the kings book in 1543?
largely conservative with some Lutheran hints
