Elizabeth 1 Flashcards
1
Q
how involved was elizabeth in government?
A
not very, similar to H7
she had an informed interest in the decision-making processes
2
Q
what were Liz’s key short-term aims?
A
consolidate her position
settle religious issues
pursue a peaceful settlement with France
3
Q
why did Liz experience a difficult succession?
A
previous bad harvests - food scarce and expensive
previous flu epidemic - highest mortality rate since Black Death
loss of Calais
4
Q
what were the key features of liz’s consolidation of power?
A
path to power eased by accptence from marys key councillors
William Cecil appointed principal secretary
coronation on 15 Jan 1559
gained some measure of international confirmation from Spain - spanish ambassador (Count of Feria) tried to broker a marriage between liz and philip
5
Q
when was the elizabethan religious settlement?
A
1559
6
Q
how was the religious settlement established?
A
through the Act of Supremacy, the Act of Uniformity, the royal injunctions, the book of common prayer (1559) and the Thirty-nine articles in 1563
7
Q
what did the act of supremacy in 1559 do?
A
restored in law the royal supremacy in church
8
Q
what 4 things were included in the act of supremacy?
A
papal supremacy rejected
heresy law revised under mary repealed
powers of royal visitation of the church revived
described queen as ‘supreme governor’
oath of supremacy taken by clergymen and church officialss
9
Q
what did the act of uniformtiy, 1559 do?
A
specified the use of a single book of common prayer - modified version of the 1552 version
10
Q
what was a modification in the new book of common prayer?
A
the ‘Black Rubric’ was omitted
11
Q
what does the black rubric include?
A
declaration of kneeling at the administration of the Eucharist
12
Q
what are the royal injunctions of 1559?
A
set of instructions about the conduct of church servies and government of the church issued queen as ‘supreme governor’
13
Q
what 3 things did the royal injunctions, 1559, do?
A
suppresion of catholic practices
communion table instead of an altar
parish churches required to buy english bible
14
Q
how did liz demonstrate her dissaproval of clerical marriage?
A
wives of clergy had to produce a certificate signed by 2 JPs signifying their fitness for the role
15
Q
what did the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, 1559, say?
A
french would retain Calais for 8 years
after that it would be restore to english control if they were still at peace
if french failed to return it, they would pay 500,000 crowns to england (£125,000)
16
Q
why did problems arise after the death of H2 of France?
A
Francis 2 succeeded him - wife is MQoS (main catholic claimant to english throne)
17
Q
what did Francis’ accession to the throne bring?
A
catholic guise faction to power in France
18
Q
what did the guises in france use as an instrument of french policy?
A
Scotland
french troops sent to garrison major scottish fortresses
19
Q
why was Cecil supportive of intervention in Scotland?
A
sympahised with scottish protestants
he knew that england owuld be more secure without a french force north of the border
he sought the removal of MQoS to weaken her influence
he wanted to incorporate scotland within a wider ‘imperial’ british state
20
Q
when was the navy sent to stop french reinforcements form coming in and where?
A
December 1559
Firth of Forth
21
Q
what is the Treaty of Berwick?
A
a treaty between liz and the Duc du Chatelherault to expel the french from scotland in 1560
22
Q
what happened during the intervention of scotland after the treaty of Beriwck?
A
english army and navy blockaded Leith from land and sea
seige failed and french withdrew
23
Q
why was Cecil able to secure the treaty of edinburgh?
A
mary of guise died
24
Q
what is the treaty of edinburgh?
A
meant that english and french forces would leave scotland and let them deal with their own issues
25
when did the catholics and protestants in france begin conflict?
march 1562
26
what did liz promise the leader of the huguenots?
6000 men
£30,000
27
what are huguenots?
term used to denote french protestants
28
what happened when the huguenots were defeated?
Conde captured
Duke of Guise assassinated
29
why did the french factions unite?>
to drive english out of le harve
30
what is the Treaty of Troyes, 1564?
recognized French ownership of Calais in return of France's payment to England 120,000 crowns
31
what did the Council of the North do to try and help the economy?
enforce a shcedule of wage rates and 113 labourers charged with unlawfully high wages
32
what did the Statue of Artificers (1563) do?
compulsory labour
minimum period of one year for the hire of workmen during which they could not leave their masters or be dismissed without good cause
prohibition on anyone following a craft unless they had served a seven-year apprenticeship
setting of maximum wage rates by JPs
33
what were the causes of poverty?
increase in population
low real wages falling behind rises in prices
harvest failures
34
who are the 'deserving' poor?
elderly, widows and those with disabilities that prevent them from working
35
who are the 'undeserving' poor?
people who refused to work
36
when were the poor act passed?
1563
37
how did elizabeth stabilise the currency?
withdrew debased coins in society and replaced them with soundly minted coins
38
why was Elizabeth named the 'English Deborah'?
because the english saw liz as the person who would protect the godly from what they regarded as the evils and superstitions of catholicism
39
who was Matther Parker?
Archbishop of Canterbury?
40
what nature was the CoE under liz?
erastian
41
what did the Thirty-Nine articles of religion do?
sought to define the difference between the church of england and the catholic church
42
where did the royal court exist?
wherever the queen was
43
what are the 2 main areas of the royal court?
presence chamber
privy chamber
44
what is the presence chamber?
open area to which anyone with the right status or connections could have access to
45
what is the privy chamber?
more private and more important then the presence chamber
less influential then previous years
advised Liz and acted as the administrative centre for her government
46
who operated the royal courtt?
Lord Chamberlain
47
who did liz appoint the position of lord chamberlain from?
her nobility
48
what are the key functions of the privy council?
discuss matters of state
manage crown finances
oversee operation of regional councils
instruct a range of officials
enforce a range of laws and regulations regarding law and order, vagrancy
oversee arrangements for national defence
enforce religious settlement 1559
49
who was established as liz's cheif minister?
William cecil
50
where were councillors with more conservative vies drawn from?
traditional aristocracy
51
who was elizabeth's favourite?
Robert Dudley
52
when did robert dudley join the council?
1562
53
when did the reshaping of the privy council take place?
1570s
54
what happened in the reshaping of the privy council?
influence of traditional conservative aristocracy was reduced
downfall and execution of northfolk a
death of lord treasurer winchester
55
when were firmly protestant councillors appointed?
1570s
56
who were some of the firmly protestant councillors in 1570s?
Sir Francis Walsingham
Sir Walter Mildmay
57
what did the council offer?
cohesive decision-making
58
in elizabeths council, what led to the execution of MQoS?
disputes over foreign policyt and a breakdown in relations between liz and her privy council
59
what problems weakened elizabethan council from the 1580s?
number of ministers died quickly - by 1597 only 11 members
liz failed to replace those who died in the council quickly
absence of senior noblemen on the council
she refused to let Burghley retire - eventually promoted his son, Robert Cecil to privy council
promo of robert cecil angered Eark of essex
60
what was concillor government affected by?
factional rivalries
61
where did relatives of AB feature?
senior ranks of crown service
62
what did earl of leicester and cecil disagree over?
queens potential marriage
63
what made goverence difficult?
clashes between robert cecil and the earl of essex
64
why did the earl of essexs career fail?
largely frozen out of court
lost power as a faction leader
liz refused to renew his monopoly on the import of sweet wines
failed as a military leader in ireland
65
how did earl of essex respond to his decline in influence?
planned an armed coup which would bring down cecil and his other enemies - they were in fact rumbled
66
when was earl of essex tried and executed?
1601
67
how did Elizabeth regard parliament?
as a nessecary, but occasional evil
68
how many parliamentary sessions were called because elizabeth was short on money?
3/13
69
how mnay acts were passed by liz's parliament?
438
70
what were most acts related to?
religious and social policy
71
what was the most important function of parliament?
grant extraordinary revenue - 2 parliamnetary sessions were the grant rev
72
why was liz frequently forced to levy 'extraordinary' rev to pay for the corwns 'normal' expenditure?
because the level of her odrinary revenue had fallen in real terms
73
what did william cecil play an important role in within managing parliament?
preparing the crown's legislative programme 'framing and often shaping bills'
74
why did parliament irritate elizabeth alot?
kept bringing up marriage and succession
she didnt approve of many of the bills they wanted
75
how many bills did elizabeth refuse to pass?
60
76
who urged the passing of a punitive act agaisnt sectaries?
Arachbishop Whitgift
77
why was Peter Wentworth imprisoned?
he argued for a named successor and it pissed liz off
78
why did elizabeth and her parliament break down in 1601?
they had issues over monopolies
79
where did liz say the issues of marriage and succesion laid within?
royal perogative
80
who were elizabeth's possible suitors?
robert dudley
philip of spain
archdukes ferdinand and charles
prince erik of sweden - protestant
81
when did the house of commons first raise the issue of marriage?
Jan 1559
82
when did parliament first mention the issue of the succession?
1563
83
what could happen if the queen died without an heir?
civil war
foreign invasion
religious invasion
religious strife
84
when did parliament press elizabeth again for elizabeth to marry?
1566
85
how did liz react to parliament pressing her about the issue of marriage in 1566?
furiousley
banished leicester and the earl of pembroke from the presence chamber
publicly rebuked member of the council and summoning members of both houses of parliament for a ferocious tounge-lashing
86
why did liz make the political decision to not marry?
disadvantages outweighed the advantages
87
who did elizabeth name her successor on her deathbed?
James 6 of Scotland
88
why did MQoS flee to england?
she married her 2nd husbands presumed murderer, earl of bothwell which set off a brief civil war
89
what were the 4 plots agaisnt elizabeth?
ridolfi - 1571
throckmorton - 1583
parry - 1585
babington - 1586
90
what was the ridolfi plot in 1571?
plan for the english catholics to overthrow elizabeth with help from spain so MQoS would marry duke of norfolk
91
what did the ridolfi plot lead to?
execution of norfolk in 1572
92
what was the throckmorton plot in 1583?
foreign landing in sussex followed by overthrow of elizabeth and MQoS
93
what did the throckmorton plot lead to?
bond of association
worsened anglo-spanish relations
tightened conditions of mary's captivity
94
whats the parry plot in 1585?
just a plot to assassinate the queen
95
what did the parry plot lead to?
acceleration of parliamentry proceedings on a bill to ensure the queens safety
96
what is the babington plot in 1586?
coded letters between MQoS and sit anthony babington, with babington offering to kill liz and keep mary informed of the progress
97
what did the babington plot lead to?
it enabled burghley to secure mary's execution
98
why was elizabeth reluctant to execute MQoS?
she didnt want to condone the murder of a monarch
MQoS was her cousin
MQoS's execution would anger catholics
it would give spain an excuse to invade
99
what were the reasons to execute mary?
england was already at war with spain and spain was already planning their armada
MQoS had in fact been quilty of treason
100
when was MQoS executed?
feburary 1587
101
how did england contributed significantly to the deterioration of anglo-spanish relations?
by expelling the sea beggers from english ports
they were forced to land in the dutch port of brielle and their occupation of the port sparked off full-scale revolt agaisnt the rule of spain
102
what year had all the provinces of the netherlands had risen agaisnt atrocities of the spanish army?
1576
103
what is the pacification of ghent?
it called for the expulsion of all foreign troops and the restoration of the provinces' autonomy
104
what is the union of utrecht
union of protestant counties in the netherlands
105
what is the union of arras?
union of catholic counties in the netherlands
106
why did elizabeth contemplate marriage to the french duke of anjou?
to retain english influence in the netherlands
107
what 3 things did elizabeth do to adopt a more overly anti-spanish position?
supported the portuguese pretender, Don Antonio
knighting Francis Drake on circumnavigating the globe
treating the spanish ambassador contemptuously
108
when was the treaty of Joinville?
1584
109
who was assassinated in 1584?
William of Orange
110
what is the treaty of joinville?
a secret treaty between philip and the french catholic league which planned to end protestantism in europe
111
what did elizabeth do to counteract the treaty of joinville?
made an alliance with the dutch protestant rebels in the treaty of nonsuch in 1585
sent troops to the netherlands in the command of the earl of leicester
112
what happened in the netherlands with earl of leicesters troops?
were ill disiplined - alienated the dutch
dutch had felt betrayed when 2 english officers deserted them and joined parma
english commanders quarrelled amoung themselves
leicester quarrelled with the dutch
113
when did leicester resign?
Jan 1588
114
what delayed the spanish armada from 1587 - 1588?
the raid on cadiz
115
who led the raid on cadiz?
sir francis drake
116
what happened in the raid on cadiz?
english pirateers raided spanish ports and ships
destroyed 25-35 spanish ships
wood for food storage on the armada was damaged in the raid - food and water couldnt been stored well for journey to england - food rotted en route
117
what happened in the spanish armada?
left spain in may, bad weather meant they didnt reach english channel till july
spanish reached cornwall in july
news of it was sent to london
spanish stopped at netherlands for more soldiers from duke of parma
francis drke commanded english sailors to strike - 8 fireships next morning to spanish fleet
english damaged many spanish ships
duke of medina-sidonia turned ships around to head home - 65 made it back
118
what was the outcome of the spanish armada?
spanish defeated
significant victory for English
Philip planned a second attempt but never launched
defeat of the Spanish brought England together - catholics pledged loyalty to queen
119
what bad luck did the spanish face in the spanish armada?
they werent used to bad english weather - storms, rain, waves
120
where did the english and spanish fight>?
sea off western europe
caribbean
on land in france, netherlands and ireland
121
what were the causes of the oxfordshire uprising?
enclosure
poor harvests
disease
falling wages
122
what happened in the oxfordshire rising?
they planned to seize the home of the lord lieutenant then march on London - on the day only 4 leaders turned up
123
what was the outcome of the oxfordshire rising?
the 4 men were tortured then executed for treason
124
what are the causes of the northern rebellion 1569-70?
political and socioeconomic causes
125
what happened during the northern rebellion?
9 nov - marched on durham
14 nov - seized durham
then marched on york and camped at bramham moor
moved back into durham and besieged the crown's stronghold of barnard castle - fell to rebels 14 dec
earls disbanded the forces when the crown's force was on its way
cumberland restarted it and heavily defeated at naworth
126
why did the northern rebellion fail?
hopeless disorganisation
poor leadership
lack of expected foreign support
decisive action by authorities
127
what happened to the rebels in the northern rebellion?
mass executions
128
how much did the population increase under liz?
1 mill
3 mill - 4 mill
129
why was there a decline in living standards?
greater demand for food
food prices rose
increased competition for land
rent increased
more people could work
wages fell
130
why did poverty increase in elizabeth's reign?
demographic change
bad harvests between 1594 - 1598
flu outbreak in 1556 killed 200,000 people, including a lot of farmers
charity donations from rich became insufficient to help the poor
131
what did government do to reduce poverty?
Poor Law in 1572 - let local officials raise money from local people to help poor
the 'Act for setting the poor on work' in 1576 made local authorities responsible for poverty in local area
132
what did the Poor Law in 1601 do?
taxed the wealthy to pay for the care of the poor who couldnt work (sick, old, able-bodied poor, idle poor who were sent to houses of correction)
wasnt enforced in some areas
133
what are the causes of the tyrone's rebellion?
hostility between england and ireland
134
what happend in the tyrone's rebellion?
began in 1593
1598 - earl of tyrone and his forces defeated at the battle of yellow ford
1599 - earl of essex sent to deal with it - he failed, made a truce and returned without consent from liz
liz then sent lord mountjoy who defeated the rebellion in 1603
135
what was the consequence(s) of the tyrones rebellion?
earl pf essexs' failure led to his fell in court
136
why was exploring the new world contentious?
because spain and portugal claimed it
137
what did John Hawkins do in 1562 and 1564?
made large profits from the Triangular trade
138
what did sir francis drake bring back from raids agaisnt spanish ships and colonies in the new world?
huge sums in 1572-3 and then again after his circumnavigation in 1577-80
139
when did spain attack john hawkins' fleet?
1568
140
why did pain attack john hawkins' fleet in 1568?
for trying to break spain's monopoly in the trans-atlantic slave trade
141
142
what was encouraged because trading with antwerp became harder?
exploration and discovery of new trade routes
143
what trading companies were created?
The East India Company
the Muscovy Company
the Eastland Company
the Levant Company
144
when and why was the east india company set up?
1600
trade with asia
145
when and why was the muscovy company set up?
1555
trade with russia and northern europe
146
when and why was the eastland company set up?
1579
trade in the Baltic
147
when and why was the Levant company set up?
1582
trade with the Ottoman empire
148
what did sir francis drake do?
between 1577-1580, became the first person to circumnavigate the globe
raided spanish ports in the americas and lost several ships
captured £40,000 spanish treasure in panama
knighted
149
what did sir Walter Raleigh do?
1584 - permission to colonise and part of Americas not ruled by Christians
150
what did sir john hawkins do?
1562 and 1564 - made profits from triangular trade for figures such as Cecil, Leicester and Liz
1568 - his ships attacked by Spanish in Mexico
151
what did Walter Raleigh set up in Roanoke island?
a colony
152
what was roanoke island known as?
the lost colony
153
why was inflation caused?
rise in population
increased government spending
debasement of the coinage in 1540s meant the purchasing power of money decreased
154
what part of england grew faster then elsewhere in the country?
london
155
why did new urban centres grow?
because of manufacturing
156
what are 3 examples of the cottage industry?
soap
nails
hosiery
157
what was the impact of urban growth?
employers, merchants and professionals became wealthier
ordinary labourers saw real wages fall and living standards declined
158
who benefitted from the rise in food prices?
landowners - they could afford enclosure and new techniques helping drainage and animal breeding
159
what did parliament's two acts in 1598 do for enclosure?
restrict enclosure
prevented more land from being taken away from crops and given to animals
160
what happened to leases when prices of rent increased?
they became shorter-term
161
what are puritans?
extreme protestants influenced by european reformers
wanted to remove all catholic elements from the CoE
162
what were puritan services like?
simple, they rejected ceremonies
wore simple clothing
studied the bible very closely
163
what did presbyterians do?
questioned the need for bishops at all
often criticized meeting during prophesyings (religious meetings)
164
who was one of the most prominent puritians?
john feild
165
what happened to john field?
banned from preaching in 1580
166
what happened to edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury?
suspended for encouraging prohesyings
167
what did John Whitgift do?
got appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury after Grindals death
anti-puritan
added new rules which included a ban on unlicensed preaching and imprisonment of those who refused to followe the rules through a new commission
168
why were printers punished?
for circulating puritan messages
169
what happened to anthony Cope?
imprisoned in the Tower
170
what did puritans argue was popish (catholic)?
39 articles
171
what are separatists?
they wanted parishes to establish their own churches based on the bible's teachings
172
whats an example of a separatist group?
the brownists
173
why did the Separatist movement return to prominence?
martin marprelate tracts
174
what were the matin marprelate tracts?
angry attacks on bishops and the CoE in foul language
caused outrage among the public and authorities
175
what did the act agaisnt seditious sectaries in 1593 do?
set the death penalty for those accused of being separatists
176
what 2 laws were introduced agaisnt catholics in 1563?
failure of office holders to take the oath of supremacy a second time was now punishable by death
death penalty for saying mass
177
what was the catholic threat in the 1560s?
spain persecuting dutch protestants
MQoS
William Allen founded the Douai seminary in 1568 for catholic englishmen to become priests who would return to england
pope excommunicated elizabeth in 1570 - catholics free to disobey her
178
what was the catholic threat in the 1570s
new treason act in 1571 made denying liz's supremacy and bringing in copies of the papal bull excummunicating acts of high treason
liz blocked attemps to increase the punishments for recusancy
worsening anglo-spanish relations
jesuit priests began arriving in england in 1580
179
what is recusancy?
catholics refusing to attend CoE services
180
what was the catholic threat in the 1580s
throckmorton plot
babington plot
firsts jesuits executed
new law increasedfines for recusancy to £20
1585 - act gave catholic priests 40 days to leave england or be executed
150 catholic priests executed unde liz
181
what was the catholic threat in the 1590s?
mass held in secret
Catholicism was dying out
Catholicism at 10% - 2% actively worshipping
182
how did they enforce anglicanism?
structure of CoE made it easier
high commission enabled the prosecution of disobedient clergy - regular visitations
attendence at CoW services was compulsory
license needed to preach
183
what did hooker write?
'of the lawes of ecclesiastical politie' in 1594
184
what was the effectiveness of hookers book?
stripped away medieval, papal superstition leaving a bible-based, true Christian faith
185
what was Catholicism associated with?
foreign influence and treason
186
what was the percentages for literacy for males and females at the end of elizabeths reign?
males - 30%
females - 20%
187
what were children taught at home?
behaviour and religion
188
when did children start going to sunday school?
6
189
what would poor children be taught?
housekeeping and basic manual labour
190
what did petty schools teach?
reading
writing
maths
191
who ran schools?
wealthy people or priests
192
what did grammer schools teach?
latin, greek, literature, history, religion and rhetoric
193
actors?
male only prefession
richard burbage - famous
theatre troupes performed plays (e.g. shakespeare's lord chamberlain's men
194
what were the theatres like?
rich sat in covered galleries
poor stood in the pit, often heckling those on stage
stage decorated with scenery and the roof housed ropes and pulleys for dramatic entrances
195
why was the theatre popular?
affordable for all
many plays carried political messages
196
what was the opposition to the theatre?
puritans believed the theatre was distasteful
others believed that large crowds would led to the spread of disease
theatres could be dangerous because many members of audience were drunk and crimes were committed
197
what was music like?
liz was an accomplished musician
liz commissioned william byrd to compose music for the chapel royal
central to religious experience
puritans believed music detracted the message of god
sternhold and hopkins were popular
198
what was art like?
mini portraits were big
liz wasnt keen on art and rarely commissioned her own portraits
portraits given to queen as gifts and used to gain favour
used to communicate liz's power
199
what was literature like?
thrived as printing press spread
anciet latin and greek writers were popular
books on history, accounts of voyages of discovery and poetry were popular
200
what was foreign policy like in the last years of elizabeth?
still at war with spain
allies - scotland, france and northern dutch provinces
begun making headway with new world
new trading links with russia
201
what was politcs like in the last years of elizabeth?
liz unable to fully manage the new factions at court
robert cecil took over from william cecil as elizabeth's principal secretary
parliament has stood up to elizabeth over the issue of monopolies in 1601
workload of JPs and importance of gentry grew
202
what was religion like in the last years of elizabeth?
CoE firmly established
protestant
catholicism was less popular
203
what was economy like in the last years of elizabeth?
employers, landowners, the professionals and merchants became richer
cottage industry doing well
some older towns doing worse but new urban areas developing
trade opportunities increasing
wage labourers' real wages fell - benefited employers
enclosure seen as evil - limited in reality
204
what was society like in the last years of elizabeth?
bulk poor illiterate and adversely affected by inflation
gentry class grew
vagrancy continued to grow
rural poor migrated to towns
great hardship in tpwns and countryside because of bad harvests and plague in 1590s
205
what was culture like in the last years of elizabeth?
206
