Henry 7 Flashcards
done
1
Q
how did H7 become king?
A
won the battle of Bosworth
2
Q
when did H7 win the battle of Bosworth?
A
22 August 1485
3
Q
what claimant was H7?
A
Lancastrain
4
Q
what ability did H7 have that proved to be useful?
A
to think like a fugitive
5
Q
why did H7 date his reign from the 21 August 1485?
A
ensured that anyone who had fought Yorkist could be charged with treason
6
Q
whats an example of H7 publicly rewarding his key supporters?
A
conferred 11 knighthoods
7
Q
why did H7 arrange for his supporters to detain Earl of Warwick?
A
seen as having a greater claim to the throne
8
Q
why did H7’s coronation happen before meeting with Parliament?
A
demonstrated that his right to the throne was hereditary and not because Parliament sanctioned it
9
Q
what is a parliamentary sanction?
A
money raised by the king from additional sources
10
Q
what are the Acts of Attainder?
A
allowed the king to declare the accused guilty without trial and seize their land and title
11
Q
how did the Acts of Attainder effect Yorkists that fought at Bosworth?
A
ensured that their property was forfeit to the Crown
12
Q
what did parliament grant H7 for life?
A
the customs revenue of tonnage and poundage
13
Q
what are tonnage and poundage?
A
the right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports
14
Q
who did H7 marry and when?
A
Elizabeth of York
Jan 1486
15
Q
why did H7 not get married straight away?
A
to ensure that his assumption of the Crown was not brought by his wife’s claim to the throne
16
Q
how was H7 able to exploit the union of the Lancaster and York through propogande?
A
Tudor rose
17
Q
when was prince Arthur born?
A
September 1486
18
Q
whats a usurpur?
A
one who seizes and holds office, power, position, etc., by force or without right.
19
Q
who were two potential Yorkist claimants to the throne?
A
Earl of Warwick and Lincoln
20
Q
who did H7 have to fear the most and why?
A
Dowager Duchess Margaret of Burgundy (sister of VI and III) as she had access to funds which enabled her to encourage ambitions of Yorkist claimants
21
Q
what was the first rising against H7?
A
Viscount Lovell and the Staffords, Easter 1486
22
Q
who led the first rising against H7?
A
Francis, Viscount Lovell and Humphrey Stafford
23
Q
Where did Lovell try to raise a rebellion?
A
North Riding of Yorkshire (stronghold of Richard III support)
24
Q
Where did Stafford try and raise forces?
A
Midlands (another area of Yorkist support)
25
What happened when stafford tried to raise forces in Midlands?
Lovell managed to escape
H Stafford was captured and executed
Thomas Stafford was pardoned
Easily suppressed
26
what followed the Lovell rebellion?
Lambert Simnel and the rebellion of Earl of Lincoln
27
what 2 things did Lambert Simnel and the rebellion of Earl of Lincoln need?
a figurehead who could claim to be a Yorkist Prince
financial support to generate a significant military threat
28
who was Simnels and Earl of Lincolns figurehead?
Lambert Simnel who passed off as Earl of Warwick
29
who put together the conspiracy that Simnel was Earl of Warwick?
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
30
how did H7 respond to Simnel and Earl of Lincoln?
had real Earl od Warwick exhibited in London
31
what did Lincoln do in response to appearance of Earl of Warwick?
fled and joined Lord Lovell at court of Margret of Burgundy in Netherlands
32
what did Lincoln and Lord Lovell convince M of Burgundy to do?
support Simnels claim
pay for a forced of mercenaries to invade England
33
what are mercenaries?
hired soldiers
34
how did H7 plan his response to mercenaries?
reinstated the Earl of Northumberland to power in the north
he also reinforced coastal defences in East Anglia
35
what was the rebels response to H7's defenses?
they landed on the northwest coast of England in Cumberland and crossed the Pennies in order to drum up support in the North Riding of Yorkshire
36
what happened in the battle of Stoke Field, 1487?
henry gathered a group of advisors in the south and midlands.
the 2 armies met at East Stoke in Nottinghamshire
37
why was H7 not confident at the battle of stoke?
feared he'd suffer the same fate as richard 3
38
how did H7 win battle of stoke?
his army held firm and the Earl of Lincoln was killed, having crucially been unable to add sufficient followers to the army of mercenaries with which he had landed in England
39
why was H7's win at Battle of Stoke Field significant?
brought and end to the War of the Roses
henrys position was safer but not completely secure
40
how did H7 overcome the crisis after battle of stoke?
combination of his own shrewdness and hard work, the organisational skills and military leadership of his key supporters and the willingness of landowners in many parts of the country to support is cause.
41
how was his treatment to those who rebelled?
mild
42
what did H7 develop to ensure well-behaved landowners?
bonds of good behaviour
43
what are the bonds of good behaviour?
a condition to not commit further offences for the duration of the court-imposed sentence
44
who was a persistent irritant to H7?
Perkin Warbeck
45
who did Warbeck claim to be?
Richard, Duke of York
46
what transformed Warbeck into a potential threat?
his ability to attract patronage from foregin rulers
47
when and where did Warbeck start to impersonate Richard?
1491
Ireland
48
where was Warbeck trained as a potential Yorkist prince?
the court of Margret of Burgundy
49
When was Warbeck's first attempt to land in England?
1495
50
what did H7 do in response to Warbeck?
was warned of his intentions and quickly defeated him
51
what was Warbecks response to his defeat?
fled to the court of James 6 of Scotland
52
why could Warbeck have proved very costly for H7?
the conspirators had an accomplice in the heart of his government (Sir William Stanley)
53
who was Stanley?
H7's step-uncle, potential traitor, lord chamberlain and headed the royal household
54
what is the household government?
where the head of household had authority over the property, labour and mobility of everyone living on his land
55
When did a small Scottish force cross the border on Warbeck's behalf?
1496
56
how did Warbeck make a final attempt to seek the English throne?
by trying to exploit the uncertainties created by the Cornish Rebellion in 1497
57
what was the result of Warbeck's final attempt on the throne?
PW's forces' were crushed and he surrendered to the king. H7 allowed him to stay at court but had confined him to the Tower after he tried to abscond.
he tried to escape with the Earl of Warwick, he was accused of treason and they were both tried and executed
58
how did the Earl of Warwick spend most of his life?
in confinement
59
when was the Earl of Warwick accused of plotting with PW?
1499
60
Who did the final piece of dynastic security concern?
Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk and Richard de la Pole
61
When did Suffolk flee to Flanders?
1498
62
after earl of Suffolk came back after a short exile, when did he flee again?
1501
63
what made Suffolk safe?
Margaret of Burgundy being politically opposed to H7
64
when was the Treaty of Windsor?
1506
65
what did the Treaty of Windsor restore?
friendly relations
66
what was one feature of the improvement in relations?
Maximillian agreed to give up Suffolk
67
Where was Suffolk imprisoned?
Tower of London
68
who executed Suffolk?
H8 in 1513
69
what was Richard de la Pole's nickname?
'The White Rose'
70
how did RdlP die?
fighting for the French at the Battle of Pavia in 1525
71
how many men attend the Council during H7 reign?
227
72
how many members did H7 have in his actual working council?
6-7
73
what were the 3 main functions of the council?
advise the king
administer the realm on the kings behalf
make legal judgements
74
Who were the elites?
small group of people with high social status
75
What's a magnate?
a member of the higher ranks of the nobility
76
what did the council do?
they had established no rules and procedures
77
why would members meet separately?
to deal with key administrative concerns when the king wasn't present
78
why would 'professional' councillors meet?
to deal with legal and administrative matters in London when other councillors were with the king elsewhere
79
What did the importance of the council depend on?
Its key members (particularly Bray)
Its offshoot, the Council Learned
80
what was not essential to advise the king?
for a man or woman to hold office as a councillor
81
who was agrued to be the most influential advisor to H7?
his mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort?
82
what was the Great Council?
A gathering of the house of Lords without the house of Commons. it was more pf an occasional rather than a permanent body
83
what did the Great Council have?
no defined functions
84
how many times did the Great Council meet during H7's reign?
5 times
85
what did the Great Council usually concern itself with?
issues relating to war or rebellion and was a means of binding the nobility to key decisions relating to national security
86
when was the Council Learned developed?
Second half of H7 reign
87
what was the Council Learned's function?
maintain King's revenue and exploit his prerogative rights
88
what are prerogative rights?
Rights or powers which the monarch could exercise without requiring the consent of Parliament
89
what system did the council learned develop upon?
bonds and recognisance's work so effectively and thus able to entrap many of the kings subjects
90
what was it argued that the council learned caused?
fear, frustration and anger as it bypassed the normal legal system
91
Who was Bray's associate in the Council Learned?
Richard Empson
92
who was Richard Empson?
ambitious lawyer and bureaucrat
93
whats a bureaucrat?
an official in gov department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people's needs
94
what did Empson do following Brays death in 1503?
had Edmund Dudley join him
95
what did Empson and Dudley form?
a feared combination of able and conscientious bureaucrats
96
who did Empson and Dudley create enemies with?
some of the king's other key advisors
97
what did joy after the downfall of Empson and Dudley indicate?
just how feared ad unpopular their financial control became in the last years of H7's reign
98
what did the Tudors rely heavily on?
the royal court
99
what was H7 influenced by?
continental examples of royal courts (e.g., burgundy and france)
100
Where was the royal court found?
wherever the king was
101
what was the royal court for?
to focus on personal monarchy and a place for royal ceremony
102
where was the power of monarchy demonstrated?
the royal court
103
how were rewards and status distrubuted?
the royal court and to those who deserved it
104
What's a courtier?
a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the monarch
105
what was the first level to court and what were they responsible for?
the household; responsible for looking after the king, the courtiers, guests and other 'hangers-on' who were being entertained
106
what was the second level to court and what were they responsible for?
the Chamber, presided over by lord chamberlain. influential courtiers. both powerful and a matter of considerable trust
107
What was the Chamber?
The private areas of the court; also a key department for the efficient collection of royal revenues
108
how did H7 remodel the chamber?
by creating the Privy Chamber
109
what's the privy chamber?
comprising the close persona servants of the monarch; it's members had direct access to the monarch and therefore could influence him or her directly
110
how did the privy chamber change the court?
made it more difficult for those who were out of favour regain the kings support
111
what was parliment comprised of?
House of commons and Lords
112
What were the 2 main functions of Parliament?
Pass laws and grant taxation
113
what could MPs do?
pass local issues and grievances
114
how many times did H7 meet with Parliament?
7
115
what were H7's early parliments largely concerned with?
issues of national security and raising rev
116
what did H7's first parliament grant?
tonnage and poundage for life
117
what did the other Parliaments grant during H7?
extraordinary revenue
118
What is extraordinary revenue?
Money raised by the king from additional sources as one-off payments when he faced an emergency
119
what was the most usual form of extraordinary rev?
fifteenths and tenths
120
what are fifteenths and tenths?
Standard form of taxation, paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown
121
what were the 6 sources of royal income?
crown lands
profits form federal dues and the exercise of the royal prerogative
customs rev
pensions from other powers
profits of justice
extraordinary rev
122
What were crown lands?
Lands held by the king by inheritance or confiscation from traitors
123
what did profits form federal dues and the exercise of the royal prerogative include?
profits from wardships and parliament granted feudal aid
124
What's a wardship?
aspect of the feudal system which enabled the crown to gain the profits from property held by a minor
125
whats feudal aid?
financial duties required of a feudal tenant or vassal to his lord.
126
whats an example customs rev?
tonnage and poundage granted for life created £34,000 to £38,000
127
what an example of pensions from other powers?
Treaty of Etaples in 1492, the french agreed to pay henry a pension of £5000 par annum
128
What did profits of justice include?
Fines and income from bonds
129
who were the main victims of henrys policies?
Nation's landowners, precisely people whose support Henry would need if his throne was threatened
130
who did the King heavily rely on?
members of the nobility to exercise power on his behalf
131
where was the magnate control largely confined to?
north
132
how did H7 solve the problem of earl of Northumberlands death?
released Earl of Surrey from the tower to rule the north on his behalf
133
how did Surrey prove his loyalty?
service for 10 years
134
who did H7 have to rely on for the rest of the country?
those he trusted
Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney
135
what was H7's lack of trust demonstrated by?
employment of spying network to report on magnate performance
136
what are bonds?
they bound an individual to another to perform an action or forfeit a specified sum of money
137
what are recognises?
formal acknowledgement of debt or other obligation which could be enforced by means of financial penalty
138
what do JPs do?
maintain law and order in the countryside
139
how are JPs appointed?
on a county by county basis
140
how often did JPs meet and why?
4 times a year to administer justice
141
who were most JPs?
local gentry
142
what were JPs responsible for?
tax assessments
alehouse regulations
investigate local complaints
maintenance of law and order
143
what was the cause of bonds and recognises?
genuine debt owed to the crown
144
what were many of the bonds and recognises?
purely political
145
what did H7 use bonds to do?
enforce order and obedience and defeat the law
146
where was H7's first major foregin policy involvement?
Brittany
147
what made it seem like the French were gaining full control of Brittany?
an invasion in 1487
148
what did parliament grant H7 in 1489?
extrodinary revenue to raise an army agaisnt the French
149
what were the 2 main reasons for raising an army agaisnt the french in 1489?
sense of obligation to the Brittons
fear that direct French control of Brittany could increase a potential threat to England
150
what Treaty did England and Brittany agree to in 1489?
Treaty of Redon
151
when in 1489 did England and Brittany agree to the Treaty of Redon?
February
152
what was said in the Treaty of Redon?
that the Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from the French threat
153
how did H7 try to strengthen his position with the Holy Roman Empire?
by forming an alliance with Maximilian
maximilian contracted a marriage-by-proxy to be signed between himself and Duchess Anne so Brittany would not fall to the French
154
why did Duchess Anne reluctantly marry Charles 2?
she feared the futility of prolonged resistance to the French
155
what made Britains situation worse after Anne's reluctant marriage to Charles?
Perkin Warbeck was seeking French backing for his claim to the English throne
156
when did H7 launch his invasion of France?
1492
157
what was French response to it's invasion in 1492?
quickly sought a peace settlement
158
why did the French seek a quick peace settlement?
because they wanted to invade Italy
159
when was the Treaty of Etaples?
November 1492
160
what was the Treaty of Etaples?
stated that Chares 2 would withdraw his support from Perkin Warbeck and pay a pension to Henry to compensate him for the expense of hyaving recruited an army for the invasion
161
who did Scotland often work closely with and why?
France
auld alliance
162
what was France seeking to bring to Brittany and Burgundy?
duchies under the French Crown
163
what was the Holy Roman Empire made up of?
300 states
164
when was Maximilian elected to be the emperor of HRE and when did he become it?
1486 and became in 1493
165
what broke the medieval power of the Duchy of Burgundy and when?
death of Duke Charles the Bold in1477
166
what brung 2 kingdoms together in Spain?
the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castie in 1469
167
who had been granted the title of 'Lord of Ireland' and when?
king of England in 12th century
168
where did the bulk of English exports go through and what jurisdiction did it come under?
ports of Netherlands
under Burgundy's jurisdiction
169
what complicated factor was apart of Burgundy?
Margaret of Burgundy
170
why was Marageret of Burgundy significant to H7?
sister of Edward 4 and Richard 3
leading upholder of the Yorkist cause
171
who did MofB enlist the help of?
stepson-in-law Maximilian
172
why did relations between England and Burgundy deterioate?
result of the hospitality which Maximilian and Phillip were offering to Perkin Warbeck
173
what did the problem with Burgundy bring?
2 of H7's foreign policy objectives (securing the dynasty and encourgaging trade) into conflict with each other
174
what did H7 show when he prioritised his dynastic interests?
his preparedness to sacrifice the commercial interests of London and East-coast merchants
175
what improved relations between England and Burgundy?
Warbeck leaving Burgundy
176
what did Henry and Phillip agree to?
Intercursus Magnus
177
when was Intercursus Magnus agreed?
1496
178
what is Intercursus Magnus?
major commercial treaty, which restored normal trading links between the two
179
when did Anglo-Burgundian relations become central to H7's foregin policy?
1504
180
what was the Treaty of Windsor also known as?
Intercursus Malus
181
when was Intercursus Malus?
1506
182
what did Henry show in Intercursus Malus?
the same forceful approach which he was adopting in his domestic financial affairs
183
what did H7 demand in Intercursus Malus?
a trade deal which gives a much stronger trading position to English merchants in Netherlands
184
who did Phillip and Maximilian give up to H7?
Earl of Suffolk
185
who ruled spain during H7?
Ferdinand and Isabella
186
what Treaty was arranged with Spain in 1489?
Treaty of Medina del Campo
187
what did the Treaty of Medina del Campo do?
gave H7 some of the international peace and security
the 2 monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of attack#
agreed to not harbour rebels or pretenders
arranged a marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
188
what problems came from the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
the arranged marriage did not go smoothly
Ferdinand proved reluctant to allow the marriage whilist henry's dynastic stability's remained threatened by Perkin Warbeck
the 2 monarchs argued over the size of Catherines dowry
189
when were the details of the arranged marriage of Arthur and Catherine agreed?
1499
190
what complications did Arthurs death in 1502 bring to the Treaty of del Campo?
H7 suggested Catherine marry son henry
Ferdinand said that the marriage would require a papal dispensation
191
what is a papal dispensation?
permission required from the Pope in order to be exempted from the laws or observations of the Church
192
when did H7 loose interest in the arranged marriage?
1504
193
who took refuge in England in 1506?
Juana and Phillip of Burgundy after setting sail for Spain in January when their ship was wrecked at sea
194
how did H7 take advatage of Phillip of Brugundy and Juana's situation?
Treaty of Windsor
195
when was the Treaty of Windsor?
1506
196
what was in the Treaty of Windsor?
Intercursus Malus
return of Earl of Suffolk
a proposed marriage alliance for H7 for phillips sister (never happened)
recognition of Juana and Phillip as rulers of Castille
197
why did Phillip of Burgundy's death prove disastarous for H7?
Juana was 'going mad?
it gave Ferdinad the opportunity to become regent of Castille
left H7 depliomaticcally isolated
Ferdinand ensured that the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine would take place in H7's lifetime
198
when did King James 4 offer hospitality to Warback?
1495
199
how long did Warbeck stay in Scotland?
2 years
200
what did the Scottich court recieve?
pension from the king
aristocratic marriage to Lady Catherine Gordon
201
what made the threats to H7 worse?
King James 4 encouraged Warbeck to cross the boarder in 1496 with an army
202
why did Warbeck quickly retreat back over the Scottish boarder?
he received no support
an English force was on its way
203
what did Warbecks attempt at an invasion lead H7 to do?
raise a larger army to launch an invasion on Scotland
204
what did H7's want for a Scottish invasion lead to in 1497?
increase to tax
205
what did the taxation lead to in 1497 and what did it mean for England and Scotland?
lead to Cornish Rebellion
meant England and Scottish needed an immediate truce
206
when was Perkin Warbeck executed?
1499
207
what did the Treaty of Perpetual Peace do?
stated H7's daughter Margaret and King James 4 should marry
208
when was the marriage of Princess Margaret and James4?
1503
209
where in ireland did English power extend to?
the 'Pale', land outside Dublin
210
who had power over the rest of Ireland?
the Fitzgeralds
the butlers
211
who was the Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477?
Earl of Kildare?
212
why was Kildare feared by H7?
had Yorkist sympathies
213
who was crowned king of Ireland in 1486?
Lambert Simnel
214
who did Kildare support in 1491?
Perkin Warbeck
215
what actions did H7 take because of Kildare?
attempted more costly approach of the rule of the 'Pale' backed by an armed force
appointed prince Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland
appointed Sir Edward Poynigs as prince henry's deputy
216
how did poying's succeed in establishing royal authority?
threat of force
use of bribery
217
how did poying reinforce royal authority?
'Poying's Law' in Irish parliament
218
when was 'Poyings Law'?
1495
219
what did 'Poying's Law' do?
meant Irish parliament could pass no law without the prior approval of the English Crown
220
what was the downside to 'Poying's Law'?
too expensive for H7's liking
221
why did H7 have to recall Poying's from ireland?
H7 had to depend on the cheap option of using Kildare as deputy to prince henry
222
when and why did Kildare decide to serve H7 loyally?
1496
he decided there was no benefit from supporting the Yorkist cause
223
what did H7 achieve by 1500 regarding Ireland?
some level of peaceable and cheap authority over Ireland
224
what education did Arthur receive?
fit for him to become king
225
where was arthurs own court?
Ludlow in Shropshire
226
what was a major concern to H7's advisors?
Henry's deterioating health
227
when did H7 die?
21 April 1509
228
when was H7's death announced?
23 April
229
when were Empson and Dudley arrested?
24 april
230
why was it important for H7 to seek marriage alliances?
to bring dynastic security
231
what marriage alliance was made with Spain?
Catherine of Aragon would marry Prince Arthur
when Arthur died, she was set to marry Prince Henry
232
what marriage alliance was made with Scotland
King James 4 married Princess Maragret
233
what marriage alliance was made with France in H8's reign?
older King Louis 12 to youngest daughter Mary
234
why did H7 not re marry after death of his wife?
lost enthusiasm for the prospect of marriage
235
whats a feudal system?
how society was structured
236
whats the order of the feudal system with the church?
church
archbishops
bishops clergyman
237
whats the order of the feudal system in general society?
nobility
gentry
Yeomen and Citizens
Labourers
Vagrants/beggers
238
what increased social mobility?
economic pressures since the Black Death
239
what did the nobility dominate?
landownership
240
how many men were apart of the mobility?
50-60
241
what did the Crown rely on the nobility to do?
maintenance of order in the countryside
242
what was H7's most important method of controlling?
bonds and recognises
243
what is bastard feudalism?
when wea;thy magnates recruited knights and gentlemen to serve them as administrators or accountants
244
why did H7 limit the military power of the nobility?
because noblemen could use retained men to bring unlawful influence on others or use them agaisnt the crown
245
in 1486, what were peers and MPs required to do?
take an oath against illegal retaining or being illegally retained
246
what was established in 1487?
a law against retaining
247
what was the 1487 law agaisnt retaining reinforced under and what did it do?
Act passed in 1504
licenses for retaining
248
what were the Gentry?
often great landowners
249
what did the most important members of the gentry seek to confirm there social status?
knighthoods
250
how many knights were there in 1490?
500
251
how much of land did peers and knights own?
15-20% together
252
what were the lower parish level churchmen rewarded for?
dealing with the spiritual needs of ordinary folk
253
what were the bishops entitled to and what did they often have to do?
sit in house of Lords and often had political roles to undertake
254
what was declared by the Pope from 1417 to 1431?
that the King of England rather then the Pope governed the Church in England
255
how did H7 use his power of governing the church?
only appointed men who had legal training and whose administrative competence was valued more then their spirituality as bishops
256
who were the 2 most important clergyman during H7?
John Morton
Richard Fox
257
who were the top level of commoners?
rich merchants and craftsman
258
who were the middle level commoners?
shopkeepers and skilled tradesmen
259
who were the lower level commoners?
yeomen farmers and husbandmen
260
who are the lowest level commoners?
labourers
261
where was England divided agriculturally?
south and east v west and north
262
what was the south and east predominated with?
mixed farming in densely populated areas
263
what was the north and west predominated with?
farming of sheep, cattle and horses
264
what reinforced reginal identity?
government structures
265
whose living conditions improved?
poors
266
what was the first rebellion under H7 and when?
the Yorkshire rebellion, 1489
267
what was the cause of the Yorkshire rebellion?
taxation to finance English forces in the campaign against Brittany
268
why was the yorkshire rebellion notorious?
for the murder of the Earl of Northumberland in April 1489
269
what was the second rebellion of H7?
the Cornish Rebellion 1497
270
what was the Cornish rebellion triggered by?
the need for revenue to finance the campaign against Scotland
271
why did the rebels in the Cornish rebellion pose a great threat to H7?
15,000 rebels
Perkin Warbeck tried to exploit the rebellion
the rebels marched on London
272
what did the Cornish rebellion raise questions about?
the crowns systems of maintaining order in the countryside
273
during the Cornish rebellion, what caused a problem from H7?
he had to withdraw Lord Daubeney and his troops from the Scottish border
274
who was executed from the Cornish rebellion?
the rebel leaders
275
what was the population of England?
2.2 million
276
where were most of England living?
countryside
277
what were the English relying on to live?
farming
278
what was the population of London?
50,000
279
what were the main industries of the urban areas?
wool and cloth
280
what were the other industries in England?
mining tin, lead and coal
281
what did the mining industry provide?
metal working
leatherwork
shipbuilding
papermaking
282
what caused the main economic acts a result of under H7?
private lobbing of merchants
283
why did income from land decline?
Black Death
284
when was there an increase in sheep farming?
1480s-1490s
285
what was the most common farming found in the low land zone during H7 (south and east)?
Mixed farming
286
what farming predominated woodland areas during H7?
pastoral farming
287
where can open-field husbandry be found?
woodlands
southeast
midlands
288
how did peasants loose access to land during H7?
through efficiency gains in terms of improved production and profitability
289
what was 90% of English exports during H7?
cloth trade
290
what did cloth trade increase overall during H7?
increased exports by 60%
291
where was wool mainly shipped from?
east-coast ports e.g. Boston Lynn Yarmouth exported through Calais by Merhcnats of the Staple
292
what did the cloth trade lead to the development of?
weaving
fulling
dyeing
293
what did cloth trade offer?
opportunities for rural employment to supplement agrarian incomes
294
why couldnt Merchant Adventurers achieve complete dominaiont of trade?
because they proved unable to overcome trading privileges enjoyed by Hanseatic League
295
what was the Hanseatic Leagues trading privileges re asserted by?
treaty in 1474 and in 1504
296
what were Germany and Bohemia dominating in the trading industry?
mining
297
what were the Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch dominating in the trade industry?
shipbuilding
298
what did most trade operations supply?
basic necessities of life, food and shelter
299
where was tin mined in England?
Cornwall
300
where was coal mined in England?
Durham and Northumberland
301
where was iron ore mined and smelted in England?
Weald of Sussex and Kent
302
where was much of the North east shipped to?
Newcastle
303
what was H7 mainly interested in regarding trading?
maximising customs revenue
304
what was H7 prepared to sacrifice trading for?
securing the dynasty
305
what was the biggest issue concerning trade in H7's reign stem from?
the embargo on trade with the Netherlands
306
why did H7 impose the embargo with the Netherlands in 1493?
in fear of and insecurity brought by Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck
307
in the embargo with the Netherlands, where were merchants required to direct their trade through?
Calais
308
what did the embargo with the Netherlands end with?
Intercursus Magnus
309
whatpanicked H7 in 1930 regarding trade amd exploration?
Earl of Suffolk being taken seriously again in Burgundy
310
when did H7 remove trading restrictions?
1486
311
when were trading restrictions reinposed ?
1487
312
why were trading restrictions removed for the second time?
Treaty of Etaples 1492
313
when did H7 pass Navigation Acts?
1485 & 1489
314
what did the navigation acts encourage and how?
encourage English shipping
by trying to ensure that only English ships should carry certain products to and from English ports
315
what were Bristol merchants and seamen interested in?
possibilities of transatlantic discovery
316
when did John Cabot appear to arrive in Bristol?
1494 - 1495
317
when did Cabot sail and what did he locate?
1497
Newfoundland and reported the existence of extensive fishing grounds
318
who led an unsuccessful attempt to find the 'north-west passage' and when?
Sebastian Cabot
in Asia 1508
319
when was there a decline in export prices of wool and price of grain & animal products?
1490s
320
when were building workers and agricultural labourers better off?
1490s
320
what was the focus of religious experiences?
the parish church
321
what did the churches guilds and confraternities offer?
charity, good fellowship and the chance for people to contribute to their local community
322
what did the church make easier for social and political elites to maintain?
social control through its encouragement of good behaviour, obedience and stress on values of community
323
what were the 2 provinces the CoE was administered through?
Canterbury and York
323
what is the Erastian view?
that State should have authority over the church
324
what are diocese?
an area under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian church
324
which 2 churchmen exercised the most power?
John Morton and Richard Fox
325
what did the most senior clergymen do?
performed their duties to both Church and State effectively
326
what did the abbots share membership of with the bishops?
House of Lords
327
to reach heaven, what is necessary?
observe as many of te 7 sacraments as possible
327
what are the 7 sacraments?
baptism
confirmations
marriage
anointing of the sick
penance
holy orders
eucharist
328
what is anointing the sick?
prepared the dying for their passage into the next world
328
what is confirmation?
marked transition from childhood to adulthood
329
what is penance?
individual sought god's forgiveness for the sins they committed
330
what are holy orders?
process by which priest himself became empowered to deliver the sacramens to others
331
what is Eucharist?
church members received Christ's body and blood in the form of bread and wine to be nourished physically and spiritually and brought closer to god.
332
what were the 2 reasons why mass was important?
was a sacrifice performed by the priest on behalf of the community
was a sacred ritual the whole community participated in
332
what is transubstantiation?
when bread and wine were transformed figuratively and literally into the body and blood of Christ
333
what was one of the most important festivals of the 15th century?
Corpus Christi
333
who paid for the objects which accompanied services?
lay people
334
what would the dying contribute to the church?
money
334
what is a benefactor?
a person who makes a charitable donation
335
why did the dying leave money to the church?
enhance beauty of worship
ensure the rememberance of the benefactor
reduce time spent in purgatory
336
what would the money given by benefactors be used for?
the foundation of chantries
337
whats a confraternity?
religious guilds or lay brotherhood
337
what did a confraternity consist of?
groups of men who gather together to provide for the costs of funerals, pay chaplains for Masses, help maintain church fabric, make charitable donations and to socialise
338
what was apart of the wealthier guilds?
they were sources of local patronage and power
ran schools and almshouses, maintained bridges, highways and sea walls
or paid for expensive projects
338
what's a pilgrimage?
a journey to a place of religious to gain relief from purgatory
339
what would a pilgrimage involve =?
visiting tomb of a saint
339
what is Rogation Sunday?
when a whole community would 'beat the bounds' of the parish carrying banners and the parish cross to ward off evil spirits of the parish as the key focus
340
how was the religious experience emphasised?
writing of mystics
341
what percent of England were monks by 1500?
1% (adult males)
342
what is the oldest and most common religious order?
Benedictines
342
what did Benedictines do?
devised the monastic rule
343
what are 2 other religious orders?
Cisterclans and Carthusians
344
where could you find Cisterclans and Carthusians in England?
remote rural areas
345
where did a large proportion of monks live?
wealthier parts of society
346
where did monastries recruite from?
their own localities
347
who did friars work
348
what were the 3 main orders of friars?
dominicans
preaching order
franciscans
augustinians
349
where did friars recruite from?
low on the social scale
350
what did the Lollards do?
placed stress on the understanding of the bible and therefore favoured the translation to England
351
what were the Lollards sceptical about?
tansubstantiation, the principles of Eucharist, the catholic church
352
what is heresy?
the denial of the validoty of the key doctrines of the Church
353
what caused the Lollards to decrease in popularity?
the failed Lollard uprising in 1414
354
what is anticlericalism?
opposition to the Church's role in political and other non-religious matters
355
who were the earliest humanist scholars of significance?
William Grocyn
Thomas Linacre
356
what provided elementary education to the young?
song schools and reading schools
357
where did secondary education take place?
grammar schools
358
how many grammar schools were founded between 1460 and 1509?
53
359
what was the most important popular art?
Drama
360
where were the most important plays performed?
at the feasts of Corpus Christi and in cities
361
what were the different levels of music at the time?
local bagpipe and wind groups
362
where could music be heard?
cathedrals and major churches
363
what is the most important survicing source of music at this time?
Eton Choirbook
364
who were the 2 most important composers in the Eton Choirbook?
Thomas Browne and Robert Fayrfax
365
what were common instraments used during this time?
trumpets, shawns, sackbuts, stringed instraments, recorders and lutes
366
what was the most popular style of building?
Gothic perpendicular style
367
what building did H7 approve of Gothic perpendicular style being used?
Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey
368
what was the new industry of printing only concerned with?
traditional medieval culture
369
when did humanist influences reach England?
1509
370
371
372
372
373
374
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