Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z - AET 261 > Hemorrhaging & soft tissue injuries > Flashcards

Hemorrhaging & soft tissue injuries Flashcards

1
Q

blood functions

A
  • transport waste, gas, nutrients
  • protect against disease
  • maintain body temperature
  • blood loss can be internal or external
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arterial bleed

A
  • bright red blood
  • spurt w each heart beat, high pressure
  • rapid + profuse = large, severe blood loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

venous bleeding

A
  • dark red
  • steady flow, less pressure
  • can be severe if enough vessels are damaged
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

capillary bleeding

A
  • red colour
  • ooze, low pressure
  • coagulate quick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blood loss amounts before critical

A
  • adult normal = 6.6L
    lethal = 2.2L
  • adolescents normal = 3.3L
    lethal = 1.3L
  • child normal = 1.5-2L
    lethal = 0.5-0.7L
  • infant normal = 300mL
    lethal = 30-50mL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phases of wound healing

A

executive (1): bring in fibrin, collagen and clog the wound

resorptive (2): scavenger cells remove dead cells and germs

proliferative (3): new cells formed and fill wound

repair (4): cell form around edge of wound, wound closes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recovery time for areas w/ good and poor blood supply

A

good (face) = 5-6 days
poor (knee) = ~17 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

granulation

A
  • occur due to gap in wound edges
  • new tissue grow from inside out
  • scar tissue
  • slow healing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

healing

A

primary intention: edges close together, not need new cells

secondary intention: bigger gap, need new tissues to fill cells and more scarring happens , not as strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

infection

A
  • minor: wash for 5 min under running water
  • major: RTD, bleed control (more important than clean)
  • use sterile, non adherent, do not touch, wear gloves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

s/s of local infection

A
  • swelling, redness to the area
  • warm to touch
  • throbbing pain
  • pus discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

s/s of systemic infection

A

life threat!
- flu like (fever, nausea, malaise)
- red streaks running from wound to heart
- swollen lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tetanus

A

MOI: bacterial spores from Clostridium tetani (soil, dust, animal feces)
- spores develop into bacteria that like low O2 (puncture wounds are at greatest risk)
- affect CNS
- irreversible once in nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S/S of tetanus

A
  • difficulty swallowing
  • irritable
  • headache
  • fever
  • muscle spasms near affected area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gangrene and it’s S/S

A

bacterial infection thrive in low O2 or loss of blood supply
S/S
- sudden pain and swell
- local tissue discoloration
- brownish, smelly watery discharge
- low grade fever
- shock

  • can lead to necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pressure bandage

A
  • for minor-moderate amounts of bleeding

place dressing to apply direct pressure (add more when saturated through) to wound, which compresses the blood vessels, restricts the blood flow and allows clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rules for dressing and bandages

A
  • patient seated or recumbent position
  • place direct pressure w/ gloved hand
  • apply sterile dressing place your gloved hand over the dressing and apply firm pressure
  • apply bandage over dressing to maintain direct pressure and hold in place
  • if blood soak through add more (DO NOT remove)
  • if bleed continues apply tourniquet if you can
  • avoid covering fingers/toes
  • distal to proximal
  • avoid digging into tissue and restrict circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stitches

A

close a wound that might not heal cleanly
- speed healing process
- prevent infection
- reduce scarring
- first few hours of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

wounds that need stitches

A
  • hemorrhaging
  • jagged edges
  • > 2.5 cm (1”) long
  • on face or head
  • gape wide or show bone/muscle
  • on joint, hands, feet
  • large/deep puncture or embedded object
  • human or animal bite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tourniquet

A
  • blocks blood completely from extremity
  • used w bandage/dressing, as last resort
  • use in mass casualty
  • 2-4in prox to injury site
  • tighten until bleeding stop, secure
  • document time applied
  • RTD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

internal bleed

A
  • hemorrhaging btwn organs/structures of the body
    KEYS
  • MOI/HIstory
  • difficult to reconize should always suspect if MOI indicates
  • Major fractures can puncture organs
  • might become visible in secondary assessment
22
Q

internal bleed s/s

A
  • discolouration of skin (bruising)
  • cool/moist/pale/blue skin
  • rapid, weak pulse
  • decrease LOR or BP
  • nausea/vomiting
  • anxiety, restless
  • ST is tender, swollen, firm
  • tachypnea
  • excessive thirst
23
Q

internal bleed treatment

A

minimize movement of person/limb
keep patient calm
monitor ABC and vitals
administer O2
maintain normal body temp
RTD

24
Q

epistaxis

A

nose bleed
MOI: direct blow, sinus infection, dry nasal membrane, foreign bodies, hypertension, altitude changes
- pinch nostril, lean forward
- nasal plug/gauze pads
- ice bridge of nose
- avoid rub, blow, pick 2-3hrs
- ask if they have blood thinners
- Bleeding not controlled w/in 10-15 RTD

25
Q

closed wounds

A

any wound occur w/o breaking the skin (not worry about infections, more internal bleeds)
- abscess
- dermatitis
- subungual hematoma

26
Q

abscess

A

localized collection of pus w/in tissues
- rupture on own, do not pop
- often around hair follicle
- alternate hot, warm compresses
- cover w sterile dressing
- monitor for saturation and infection
- face, neck, groin, buttocks or pain = physician

27
Q

subungual hematoma

A

collection of blood/fluid under nail bed
- clean area, place finger on firm surface, drill into nail to relieve pressure (last resort)
- clean and apply sterile dressing

28
Q

dermatitis

A

inflammation of the skin
MOI: direct contact w chemical or allergy
- red, irritated, swell
- itchy, pain
- thickening or cracking of epidermis
- blisters

  • avoid touch; dress it; physician
29
Q

open wound

A

an injury in which the skin is interrupted, exposing the tissue beneath
- abrasion
- laceration
- avulsion
- puncture

  • control external bleed, protect against infection, check for internal injuries
30
Q

Abrasion

A

(most common)
-epidermis has been scraped away
- capillaries only blood ves effected
- nerve endings exposed
- infection is concern because dirt and other matter is easily embedded
cleaning wound is IMPORTANT

31
Q

Laceration

A

cut, usually from sharp object
- jagged or smooth ends
- sharp or blunt object is MOI
- deep lacerations can affect muscle and fat, damage nerves and blood vessels
- watch for shock

32
Q

Avulsion

A

Portion of the skin + soft tissue partially/fully turn away
- leave attached
- bleeding and infection control are priorities

33
Q

Puncture

A

skin pierced with pointed object
- entrance and exit wound
- usually seal around object, little bleeding
- high infection risk (tetanus) clean thoroughly
- ex. bullet wound

34
Q

Impaled object

A

object penetrate skin and remain in the body
- not a lot of blood, act as a plug
- do not remove! splint around for support, stop the bleed

35
Q

impaled object exception

A

only remove an impaled object if it interferes with the patient’s airway or breathing
- neck, mouth, lungs

36
Q

major soft tissue trauma

A

amputation
crush injuries
compartment syndrome
blast injuries
high-pressure injection injuries

37
Q

Amputation

A

body part fully/partly severed from the body
- multiple injuries (muscle, bone, blood vessel)
- not a lot of blood (vessels constrict, retract)
- rinse w saline
- wrap in non adherent gauze, cool amputated part; label with day, name, time

-RTD

38
Q

crush injuries

A

body subjected to intense blunt force
- hard to tell internal injuries (fracture, bleed, etc)
- dead tissue become systemic, toxins build up and spread due to low O2
- crush syndrome
- RTD

39
Q

crush syndrome

A

Patient subjected to crushing force >1hr hypoxic tissues function anaerobically, cause toxins made. When the force is released the toxins become systemic.
- impaired heart, kidney failure
- life threat; RTD

40
Q

compartment syndrome

A

pressure in muscle compartments build up to dangerous level, blocking O2 to cells.
- swell/bleed cause pressure on caps, which collapse
- lack of O2 and nutrients cause nerve/muscle death

MOI: trauma, badly bruised muscle, post-surgery complications, crush injury, anabolic steroids

RTD, limb threat

41
Q

6 P’s of compartment syndrome

A
  • pain
  • pressure
  • paresthesia (n/t)
  • paresis (muscle weakness)
  • pallor
  • pulselessness
  • all 6 = irreversible (death, disability)
42
Q

blast injuries

A

heat & pressure waves from explosion strike, pass thru body
MOIs: blast itself, shrapnel, thrown by blast
- internal bleed, hemorrhage, edema, pulmonary embolism
- RTD
- primary(blast itself), secondary (debris, thrown) & tertiary (crush injur. propelled into solid object)

43
Q

high pressure injections (HPI) injuries

A

a substance injected into the body under high pressure
- industrial work (grease gun, pressure washer)
- small puncture visible (2000 psi enough to break skin)
- RTD

44
Q

burns

A

area of body receive more heat producing energy than it can absorb w/o injury to contact tissue
- thermal: flame, steam, hot items
- chemical: acids or alkalines
- electrical: lightning, electrical outlet
- radiation: nuclear source, sun

45
Q

superficial burn

A

1st degree
- epidermis damaged
- red, dry, painful
- 5-6 days recovery
- clean, running water

46
Q

Partial thickness

A

2nd degree
- epidermis and dermis damaged
- red, pain, swollen skin, blisters
- recover 3-4wks
- clean surrounding area, no pressure/wrap
- damaged nerve endings

47
Q

full thickness burn

A

3rd degree
- epidermis, dermis, underlying structures damaged
- charred skin, deep tissue white, painful OR pain-free
- surrounded by partial thickness burn
- can be life threat (lose body fluid)(hypovolemic shock)

48
Q

immediate advanced care for burns

A
  • any full thickness burn
  • partial thickness >10%
  • partial/full burn to child/elderly
  • inhalation or respiratory injuries from burn
  • burn mouth, hands, nose, feet, genitals
  • chemical, explosive, electrical burns
  • lots of pain
  • unresponsiveness
49
Q

Rule of 9’s

A

Head and neck = 9%
Upper Ex = 9% each
Lower Ex = 9% each
Front trunk = 18%
Back trunk = 18%

estimate amount of body that is burned
- varies if a child vs adult

50
Q
A

Z - AET 261 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions