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Z - AET 261 > Environmental Illnesses > Flashcards

Environmental Illnesses Flashcards

1
Q

regulating body temperature

A

normal is 37C or 98.6F
- a few degree change is significant

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2
Q

role of the hypothalamus

A

part of the brain that controls thermoregulation
- receive signals from skin and central receptors if the body is too hot or too cold and reacts accordingly

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3
Q

human thermoregulation responses

A

warm/hot: heat loss (vasodilation or sweating)

cold/cool: heat conserving (vasoconstriction or shivering)

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4
Q

mechanisms of heat loss

A

radiation (air)
conduction (solid ground/liquid)
convection (flowing air/water removes heat)
evaporation (liquid to gas uses energy)
- heat moves from area of hot to cold

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5
Q

Sweating in different enviroments

A

Occurs when the temperature of either the skin OR the body’s core increases

cold = sweating should be minimized (remove layers prior to hard work)

Warm = evaporative heat loss, any sweat that does not evaporate will not cause cooling

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6
Q

Regulation in Cold Environment

A

Vasoconstriction: at the skin to keep core warm
Shivering when vasoconstriction does not work

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7
Q

General factors affecting regulation of body temperature

A
  • temp of surrounding air and water
  • air humidity
  • wind speed
  • clothing properties
  • total insulation (clothing)
  • skin moisture
  • physiological factors (heat production)
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8
Q

Wind Chill

A

in a cold environment low ambient temperature and wind combine to increase heat loss through convection

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9
Q

Heat and Humidity

A

in a hot environment heat and humidity combine to increase heat stress

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10
Q

Causes of Heat/Cold related illnesses

A
  • strenuous work/exercise in extreme temperatures
  • work/exercise in clothing inhibiting heat exchange
  • working inside, hot, humid, poorly vented areas
  • exposure to cold temps (wet, wind)
  • tight footwear
  • recreation in cold, wet, windy condt.
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11
Q

Casualty Risk Factors

A

-Age (elder - young)
-Prior history of heat/cold illness
-Respiratory /cardiovascular disease
-Diabetes/ other poor circulatory conditions
-medications that eliminate water from the body

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12
Q

Heat related illnesses

A

-can affect anyone
-in athletes, leading cause of death = heat stroke
- most sports have rules around temp/humidity

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13
Q

3 categories heat related illnesses

A
  1. heat cramps
  2. heat exhaustion
  3. heat stroke
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14
Q

Heat cramps

A

painful spasms of skeletal muscles that develop rapidly and after periods of physical exertion in warm or moderate temperatures
- profuse sweating
- lack of hydration

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15
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

body’s temp rises and thermoregulatory responses are activated to compensate
- early sign thermoreg. being overwhelmed
- not always response to heat cramp
- body temp might be slightly elevated/normal
- loss fluid (sweating) = decrease blood volume
- BF to skin incr. to incr. heat loss but reducing BF to vital organs

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16
Q

Heat stroke

A

body’s thermoreg. mechanisms are overwhelmed by heat stress and begin to stop functioning
- least common (most severe)
- S/S of heat exhaustion are ignored
- sweating stops (body’s fluid levels are too low)
- body temp rises usually above 40
- brain and vital organs fail at temp and if the body is not cooled, leads to seizures coma and death

17
Q

Care for heat-related illnesses

A

-water on torso (if layer of clothing there)
- electrolyte replacements
- heat cramps = return when cramps stop
- heat exhaustion/stroke do not return to play on the same day

18
Q

treatment for heat cramps

A
  • water/electrolytes
  • loosen tight clothing, remove padding from torso
  • gentle stretching
19
Q

treatment for heat exhaustion

A
  • water/electrolytes
  • loosen tight clothing, remove padding from torso
  • DO NOT dry skin
  • active cooling
  • water on torso
  • fan skin
20
Q

treatment for heat stroke

A
  • water/electrolytes (if alert)
  • loosen tight clothing, remove padding from torso
  • DO NOT dry skin
  • aggressive cooling
  • immerse in cool water
  • water on torso
  • fan skin
21
Q

Cold related injuries

A
  1. frostnip
  2. frostbite
  3. hypothermia
22
Q

Frostnip

A

minor form of frostbite
S/S: skin appear pale
pain/stinging in the area

23
Q

frostbite

A
  • water inside/ between cells freeze and swell
  • ice crystals damage /destroy the body’s cells, blood vessels, and nerves
    S/S: skin white/waxy
    cold and hard to touch
    lack of feeling in the area
    after thaw = experience buring, redness, pain, tenderness, and blisters
24
Q

types of frostbite

A

superficial:
- blisters after thaw
- result in small amount of tissue lost or none at all

Deep:
- dark, hemorrhagic blisters after thaw
- likely to result in tissue lost

25
Q

treatment for frostbite

A
  • gently handle
  • do not rub or apply snow/ice
  • thaw if only you are sure it will NOT freeze again
  • submerge in warm water (NOT HOT)
  • gauze between fingers and toes and seek medical attention
26
Q

Hypothermia

A

-b temp decrease 37-35
- LF especially when temp drops below 28C
- four distinct phase
1. cold stress - non hypothermic
2. mild hypothermia
3. moderate hypothermia
4. severe hypothermia

27
Q

Cold stress

A

normal or near normal functions
S/S: shivering
normal mental status
normal/ near normal motor functions

28
Q

Mild hypothermia

A

near normal functions including heart rate and resp. rate
S/S: vigorous shivering, complains of cold
- decreased motor and sensory function
- difficulty taking care of self

29
Q

Moderate hypothermia

A

slow/ weakened resp and heart rate
S/S: weak and intermittent shivering/ stops later
- c/o cold
- lack speech
- impaired judgement
- decrease LOR
- eventually unresponsive

30
Q

Severe Hypothermia

A

shallow/absent respiration
weak/absent pulse
S/S: no shivering
- unresponsive
- stiffening body tissue

check pulse and respiration for 60 sec
- CPR if neither detected

31
Q

Assisting Responsive Drowning Patient

A

rescue only done by trained professionals (Do not put yourself in danger)
- rescue from land
1. talk (them through it)
2. throw (rope)
3. reach (rigid object)

32
Q

Cold water Immersion and Drowning

A

faster than hyperthermia caused by cold air exposure
4 phases:
1. Cold shock response (1-2 mins, rapid cooling of skin causing gasp -> hyperventilation)
2. cold incapacitation (15 mins, loss of coordination and weakness)
3. hypothermia (30 mins 30 mins)
4. Circum-rescue collapse (prior, during, or after a rescue S/S = syncope -> cardia arrest)

Z - AET 261 (6 decks)

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