Hemorrhage Flashcards
what event is epidural hematoma usually secondary to
rupture of middle meningeal artery, often secondary to fracture of temporal bone
what unusual symptom will a patient experiencing an epidural hematoma exhibit
lucid interval
what is the nature of the bleeding in an epidural hematoma
rapid, arterial pressure driven bleeding
what is seen on CT
biconvex hyperdense blood collection
what kid of herniation is seen and what cranial nerve deficit is seen with epidural hematoma
transtentorial herniation; CN III palsy
after how much time of hypoxia does irreversible brain damage begin
after 5 minutes of hypoxia
what structures are most vulnerable to hypoxia
hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, watershed areas
what color is an infarcted area on diffusion-weighted imaging
in 3-30 minutes: bright with highest sensitivity for early ischemia
-in 12-24 hours: dark abnormality on noncontrast CT
what histologic features are seen in 12-48 hours? 24-72 hours? 3-5 days? 1-2 weeks? >2 weeks?
24-48 hours: red neurons 24-72 hours: necrosis + neutrophils 3-5 days: macrophages 1-2 weeks: reactive gliosis + vascular proliferation >2 weeks: glial scar
of the two kinds of dural hematomas, which crosses sutures and which doesn’t?
subdural hematoma crosses suture lines and epidural hematoma doesn’t
of the two kinds of dural hematomas, which crosses the falx and tentorium?
epidural hematomas can cross the falx and tentorium
injury to what structure usually causes subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins (slow venous bleeding)
what does a subdural hematoma look like on CT
a crescent shaped collection of blood that crosses suture lines
what event usually leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage and what is seen on spinal tap
ruptured aneurysm; xanthochromia
2-3 days after a subarachnoid hemorrhage what pathophysiologic events would you be worried about
vasospasm due to breakdown of blood (treat with nimodipine)
rebleed
