HEMOGLOBIN Flashcards
1
Q
hemoglobin is a tetrameter composed of how many diff pair of globin polypeptide chain?
A
2 pairs
2
Q
Hgb has 2 globin chains that binds a heme group containing ?
A
central ferrous iron
3
Q
Hgb is the 1st protein whose structure was described using x-ray ____
A
crystallography
4
Q
Hgb is __% of RBCs cystoplasmic content
A
95%
5
Q
transport molecular oxygen from the lungs to the tissue
A
Hgb
6
Q
Hgb structure ?
A
4 globin chains and
4 heme group
7
Q
Hgb MW?
A
64,000 D
8
Q
Heme biosynthesis occurs in?
A
mitochondria and cytoplasm
9
Q
Heme biosynthesis starts in ?
A
Mitochondria
10
Q
Heme biosynthesis. In mitochondria, condensation begins with ?
A
glycine and succinyl coenzyme A
11
Q
In heme biosynthesis, what is the enzyme between /from condensation to aminolevulinic acid?
A
Aminolevulinic acid synthase
12
Q
In heme biosynthesis, what are the 3 enzyme from PBG to Coproporphyrinogen III?
A
- PBG deaminase
- Uroporphobilinogen III synthase
- Uroporphobilinogen III decarboxylase
13
Q
In heme biosynthesis, the enzyme from coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX?
A
Corprophophyrinogen oxidase
14
Q
In heme biosynthesis, the enzyme from protoporphyrinogen IX to Protoporphyrin IX?
A
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase
15
Q
in heme biosyntesis, the enzyme from protoporphyrin IX to HEME
A
ferroc helatase
16
Q
another name of heme/end product of heme biosynthesis
A
Ferroprotoporphyrin IX
17
Q
last site in heme biosynthesis
A
cytoplasm
18
Q
2 zeta, 2 epsilon = ?
A
Gower I
19
Q
2 alpha, 2 epsilon= ?
A
Gower II
20
Q
2 zeta, 2 gamma =?
A
portland
21
Q
2 alpha, 2 gamma = ?
A
Fetal Hgb (HbF)
22
Q
2 alpha, 2 beta = ?
A
A1
23
Q
2 alpha, 2 delta =?
A
A2
24
Q
HbA concentration in adults?
A
92-95%
25
HbA2 concentration in adults?
2-3%
26
HbF concentration in adults?
1-2%
27
1g of Hb= ___ mL of oxygen
1.34 mL
28
the amount of oxygen needed to saturate 50% of hemoglobin
P50
29
Hemoglobin protein structure. Amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
Primary
30
Hemoglobin protein structure. Chain arrangements in helices and nonhelices
Secondary
31
Hemoglobin protein structure. Pretzel-like configuration
Tertiary
32
Hemoglobin protein structure. tetrameter, spherical. Described the Hgb structure
Quaternary
33
production of globin chains takes place in ?
erythroid precursors
34
production of globin chains takes place in erythroid precursors from ___ through __
Pronormoblast
Polychromatic erythrocyte
35
3 steps in globin biosynthesis
Transcription
Translation
Release
36
Globin biosynthesis. Transcription occurs in?
nucleus
37
Globin biosynthesis. Globin chains transcription to __
mRNA
38
Globin biosynthesis. translation occurs in ?
ribosome
39
Globin biosynthesis. mRNA translation to ___
globin polypeptide chain
40
Globin biosynthesis. . After translation, the globin chains are released from the ribosome to ___
cytoplasm
41
in genetic coding, what chromosome is the short arm, involvement of Alpha and Zeta
Chromosome 16
42
In genetic coding, what is the long arm, involvement of Beta, Epsilon, Delta and Gamma
Chromosome 11
43
Number of amino acids in ALPHA
141
44
Number of amino acids in BETA
146
45
Number of amino acids in GAMMA (position 136:___)
146, alanine
46
Number of amino acids in DELTA (position 136: ___)
146, glycine
47
Number of amino acids in EPSILON
146
48
Number of amino acids in ZETA
141
49
curve that describe the relationship between oxygen content and partial pressure oxygen
Oxygen Dissociating Curve
50
Oxygen Dissociating Curve. Normal Shape?
Sigmoid
51
defined as PO2 required to produce half saturation of hgb
P50 value
52
normal p50 value, associated with ph ? temp?
26.53 mmHg, pH- 7.4, 37.5
53
increase in o2 affinity therefore less oxygen is released. what shift?
shift to left
54
decreased O2 affinity therefore more oxygen is released. what shift?
shift to the tight
55
high fever, acidosis, what shift?
shift to the right
56
akalosis, methemoglobinemia. what shift?
shift to the left
57
increased pH, decreased temp . what shift
shift to the left
58
decreased pH and increased temp. what shift?
shift to the right
59
this disease is caused by HbS, oxygen supply is decreased
Sickle cell disease
60
slighty decreased o2 concentration of HbS- 90-100%
sickle cell trait
61
much decreased O2, concnetration of Hbs is 40-45% and HbA is 55-50%
Sickle cell anemia
62
quantitative defect in Hgb is called
thalassemia
63
genetic disorder which is know for reduction of globin chain synthesis
thalassemia
64
Types of qunatitative defect in Hgb (thalassemia)
1. Alpha thalassemia
2. Beta thalassemia
65
type of thalassemia where there is complete absence of alpha chains and no normal Hb is produced
Alpha thalassemia (Major)
66
Alpha thalassemia disease?
Hydrops fetalis
67
In Alpha thalassemia (Major), __% of Bart's Hgb (4 gamma) produced,
80%
68
2 alpha chains are deleted in this type of thalassemia
Alpha thalassemia (Minor)
69
Type of thalassemia where there is complete absence of beta chains, compensated with up to 90% HbF
Beta thalassemia (Major)
70
Major beta thalassemia disease
severe microcytic, hypochromic anemia
71
minor beta thalassemia disease
mild microcytic, hypochromic anemia
72
one beta chain is normal, compensated with HbA2, what type of thalassemia
Beta thalassemia (Minor)
73
one of thee test used to diagnose and follow the treatment of anemia
hemoglobin
74
Hgb normal value at birth
15-20 g/dL
75
Hgb normal value women
12-16 g/dL
76
Hgb normal value men
13-18 g/dL
77
Hgb fluctuations. its is ___ in the morning, when exercising and in high altitudes
higher
78
Hgb fluctuations. its is ___ in the afternoon, in supine position, dehydration and smokers
lower
79
Methods in hemoglobin
1. Colorimetric method
2. Photoelectric method
3. Gasometric method
4. Gravimetric method
80
types of colorimetric methods
1. Acid hematin (Sahli method)
2. Alkali hematin (Betke test)
81
this colorimetric method uses 0.1HCl reagent for comparing the brownish yellow color of solution
Acid Hematin (Sahli Method)
82
This colorimetric method uses 0.1 NaOH, cant be use to alkali resistant therefore cant be used for determination of HbF
Alkaki hematin (Betke test)
83
type of photoelectric method which is the reference methos approved by CLSI
Cyanmethemoglobin
84
Principle of Cyanmethemoglobin
blood is diluted in alkaline drabkin solution of pottasium ferricyanide, pottasium cyanide, sodium bicarbonate and a sufractant
85
original drabkins reagent?
sodium hydrogen carbonate
86
original drabkins reagent reaction time?
15 mins
87
in Cyanmethemoglobin, only __ is not measured
sulfhemoglobin
88
type of Hgb. oxygenated form. scarlet red. arterial blood
oxyhemoglobin
89
type of Hgb. deoxygenated form. dark red. venous blood
deoxyhemoglobin
90
type of Hgb. combination of hb and CO. reversible. cherry red,
carboxyhemoglobin
91
peak absorbance of carboxyhemoglobin
576 nm
92
type of Hgb. Oxidized hb. losses its capacity to carry O2 or CO2. iron in ferric state. reversible
Methemoglobin
93
color of methemoglobin
choco brown
94
methemoglobin peak absorbance
630 nm
95
stype of Hgb. stable abnormal Hb pigment. Stable for 9 mons to 6 yrs
Cyanmethemoglobin
96
type of Hgb. combination of inorganic sulfides and Hb. irreversible. leads to death of RBC
sulfhemoglobin
97
color of sulfhemoglobin
mauve lavender
98
sulfhemoglobin peak absorbance
618 nm
99
Gasometric method. wherein this method has the greatest accuracy. estimates oxygen-combining power of blood
Van Slyke Oxygen Capacity Method
100
Gravimetric method. used method in blood donor screening.
Copper sulfate method
101
in Copper sulfate method, if the hb is equal to 12.5g, the drop of blood will sink within ___ and donor is accepted
15s
102
Physical method of Hb estimation
rule of three- hct is 3x the hgb value
103
chemical method for iron content. hb iron content= 100g of hb= ___g of Fe++
0.347g
104
refers to the instrument used to determine packed cell volune
hematocrit
105
ration of RBC with the plasma
packed cell volume
106
Hematocrit is reported as __ or __
percentage or liters per liter
107
hematocrit normal value. at birth
45-60%
108
hematocrit normal value. women
36-48%
109
hematocrit normal value. men
40-55%
110
hematocrit decreased in ___
anemia
111
hematocrit increased in ___
Polycythemia vera
112
methods in hematocrit
Macrohematocrit
Microhematocrit
113
this hematocrit method is time consuming, large amount of sample needed, higher amount of trappped plasma
Macrohematocrit
114
macrohematocrit equipment
wintrobe tube
115
Wintrobe tube length
11.5 cm/115m long,
3mm internal bore
116
Wintrobe tube. ESR mark
0-1000 mark
117
Wintrobe tube. HCT mark
1000-0 mark
118
type of hematocrit method wherein less blood and less time is consumed
microhematocrit
119
2 types of microhematocrit
1. red band
2. blue band
120
type of Microhematocrit that uses spray-dried heparin used for sample without anticoagulant
red band
121
type of Microhematocrit that is used in anticoagulated sample
blue band
122
microhematocrit tube length
7-7.5 cm/70-75mm
bore:1.2mm
123
clay sealed equipment of microhematocrit
microhematocrit tube
124
microhematocrit tube is centrifuged at 10,000-15,000xg RCF for ___ mins
5 mins
125
sources of error in microhematocrit. falsely decreased
incomplete sealing
overanticoagulation
126
sources of error in microhematocrit. falsely increased
inadequate centrifugation
left standing for several mins
127
this problem occurs only in manual procedure. small amount of plasma remains in PCV after centrifugation (hematocrit)
trapped plasma
128
Trapped plasma is seen in ?
Macrocytic anemia
hypochromic anemia
spherocytosis
thalassemia
sickle cell anemia
129
test to detect and monitor the course of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, infx, or certain malignancies
Estimated Sedimentation Rate
130
what is this test? Principle: anticoagulated blood allows to settle toward the bottom of the tube. the distance in mm that the RBCs fall in 1 hour
Estimated sedimentation rate
131
formation that increase RBC mass in ESR
rouleaux formation
