HEMOFLAGELLATES

Question 1

another term for amastigote

Answer 1

leishmania form or donovan leishman

Question 2

hemoflagellates belongs to the order of

Answer 2

kinetoplastida

Question 3

kinetoplastida contains what

Answer 3

kinetoplast

Question 4

kinetoplast are located where

Answer 4

mitochondrion

Question 5

kineto means

Answer 5

movement

Question 6

plast means

Answer 6

formed or molded

Question 7

state the two generas under hemoflagellates

Answer 7

trypanosomes
leishmania

Question 8

state the four stages. of development (in order) of hemoflagellates

Answer 8

amastigote
promastigote
epimastigote
trypomastigote

Question 9

another name for promastigote

Answer 9

leptomonas form

Question 10

another term for epimastigote

Answer 10

crithidia

Question 11

another term for trypomastigote

Answer 11

trypanosoma

Question 12

this stage does not have a flagella

Answer 12

amastigote

Question 13

to know the stages of development of the hemoflagellates,we must look into

Answer 13

1. presence of kinetoplast and their location
2. presence or absence of flagella

Question 14

this stage’s kinetoplast is located ANTERIOR to the nucleus

Answer 14

epimastigote

Question 15

this stage’s kinetoplast is located POSTERIOR to the nucleus

Answer 15

trypomastigote

Question 16

the flagellum of epimastigote arises from

Answer 16

mid-body or 1/2 body of the undulating membrane

Question 17

flagellum of trypomastigote arises from

Answer 17

the full body of the undulating membrane

Question 18

LAP
BET
CALL

Answer 18

leishmania = amastigote & promastigote
brucei grp = epimastigote & trypomastigote
cruzi = ALL

Question 19

brucei grp
invertebrate host: ?
mammalian host: ?

Answer 19

brucei grp
invertebrate host: epimastigote
mammalian host: trypomastigote

Question 20

cruzi grp

trypomastigote
amastigote
epimastigote

Answer 20

cruzi grp

trypomastigote:
a. residing in the hindgut of the invertebrate host
b. residing in the bloodstream of mammalian host

amastigote = intracellularly present of the mammalian host
epimastigote = midgut of the invertebrate host

Question 21

movement of trypanosomes

Answer 21

wavy spiral motion

Question 22

life cycle of trypanosoma brucei grp

vertebrate host
invertebrate host
diagnostic stage
infective stage
MOT

Answer 22

vertebrate host: man
invertebrate host: tse-tse flies
diagnostic stage: trypomastigote
infective stage: metacyclic trypomastigote
MOT: bite of tse-tse flies

Question 23

life cycle of trypanosoma cruzi grp
​
diagnostic stage
infective stage
MOT

Answer 23

life cycle of trypanosoma cruzi grp
​
diagnostic stage: trypomastigote
infective stage: metacyclic trypomastigote
MOT:
bite of reduviid bug
bloods transfusions
transplacental transfer
organ transplant

Question 24

invertebrate host of trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 24

reduviid bug

Question 25

disease associated with trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Answer 25

west african sleeping sickness gambian trypanosomiasis

Question 26

disease associated with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Answer 26

east african sleeping sickness rhodesian tryponasomiasis

Question 27

disease associated with trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 27

chagas disease american trypanosomiasis

Question 28

joint pain

Answer 28

arthralgia

Question 29

muscle pain

Answer 29

myalgia

Question 30

a rash that turned into a lesion of which is commonly found in t. brucei rhodesiense

Answer 30

chancre

Question 31

an elargement of lymph nodes at the posterior cervical region

Answer 31

winterbottom's sign

Question 32

winterbottom's sign is common in which t. brucei grp

Answer 32

trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Question 33

state the two classic signs of a chronic stage in trypanosoma brucei grp

Answer 33

sleeping sickness Kerandel sign

Question 34

this is the delayed pain when soft tissues are compressed

Answer 34

kerandel sign

Question 35

presence of swelling around one eye

Answer 35

romaña's sign

Question 36

signs and symptoms of chronic chagas disease

Answer 36

cardiomegaly megaesophagus megacolon

Question 37

lab diagnosis for trypanosomes

Answer 37

1. Thick blood smear with Giemsa stain — for trypanosomes‬ 2. Xenodiagnosis‬‭ 3. Serologic tests‬ a. Immunofluorescent antibody test‬ b. Hemagglutination assa

Question 38

lab diagnosis for trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 38

Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle Culture Medium

Question 39

lab diagnosis for trypanosoma brucei group

Answer 39

stained blood preparation presence of mott cells in csf lymph aspirates

Question 40

treatment for african sleeping sickness

Answer 40

drugs that do not enter the csf: pentamidine & suramin drug for late stage of the disease with cns involvement: melarsoprol

Question 41

lab diagnosis for trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease)

Answer 41

‭ Nifurtimox‬ ‭ Bezuidazole

Question 42

African‬‭ trypanosomiasis‬‭ is‬‭ ENDEMIC‬‭ in‬‭ area‬‭ known‬‭ as __ , extending over a _ of Africa‬

Answer 42

tse-tse belt; third

Question 43

‭ Chagas‬‭ disease‬‭ is‬‭ prevalent‬‭ throughout‬‭ ‭

Answer 43

Central‬‭ and‬‭ South‬ ‭ America‬

Question 44

leishmania occurs in two (2) primary morphological forms, state them:‬

Answer 44

‬‭ Intracellular‬‭ amastigote‬‭ = vertebrate host‬ ‬‭ Flagellate‬‭ promastigote‬‭ = invertebrate host

Question 45

life cycle of leishmania

Answer 45

Vertebrate host‬‭ : man‬ ‬‭Invertebrate host (vector)‬‭ : Sandflies, Genus Phlebotomus‬ ‬‭Natural reservoir hosts‬‭ : domestic dog, wild animals‬ Infective stage‬‭ : Promastigote/Leptomonas form‬ Diagnostic stage‬‭ : Amastigote/Leishmanial form‬ Sites of inhabitation:‬ ○Leishmania tropica‬‭ = lymphoid tissue of the skin‬ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭ ‭

Question 46

disease where there‬‭ is‬‭ a‬‭ hyperpigmentation‬ of the skin (darkening of the skin)‬

Answer 46

kala-azar fever

Question 47

Widespread‬‭ thickening‬‭ of‬‭ the‬‭ skin‬‭ wherein‬‭ the‬‭ lesion‬ resembles those lepromatous leprosy‬

Answer 47

cutaneous leishmaniasis

Question 48

Initial‬‭ lesion‬‭ at‬‭ the‬‭ bite‬‭ site‬‭ is‬‭ papule‬‭ that‬‭ later‬‭ develop‬‭ into‬‭ an‬ ulcer‬

Answer 48

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Question 49

The‬‭ hallmark‬‭ of‬‭ mucocutaneous leishmaniasis‬‭‬‭ or‬‭ the‬‭ characteristic‬‭ feature‬‭ is‬ ‭ the appearance of the‬‭

Answer 49

Tapir nose‬

Question 50

Metastatic‬‭ spread‬‭ of Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis may‬‭ occur‬‭ on‬‭ the‬‭

Answer 50

oronasal‬‭ and‬‭ pharyngeal‬ mucosa

Question 51

epid for leishmaniasis

Answer 51

Southern regions of America ‬‭ Mediterranean‬ ‬‭ East and North Africa‬ Arabian Peninsula‬ Persian Gulf‬ ‬Indian subcontinent‬ China‬ Southern Soviet Union

Question 52

lab diagnosis for leishmaniasis

Answer 52

1. giemsa or wright's stained smear 2. culture a. Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle Culture medium b. Drosophila medium c. schneider'a medium 3. montenegro skin test 4. formol-gel test 5 serological test a. Complement fixation test (CFT)‬ b. Fluorescent antibody test (FAT)‬ c. Counter-Current Electrophoresis

Question 53

composition of formol-gel test

Answer 53

0.1-ml‬‭ serum‬‭ + ‬‭ 1‬‭ drop‬‭ of‬‭ formalin

Question 54

Intradermal‬‭ injection‬‭ of‬‭ a‬‭ suspension‬‭ or‬‭ killed‬ promastigotes

Answer 54

Montenegro skin test

Question 55

this indicates an infection/positive under montenegro skin test

Answer 55

wheal formation

Question 56

treatment for leishmaniasis

Answer 56

Primary drugs:‬‭ (antimony compounds)‬ ‬‭ Pentavalent antimonials‬ ‬‭ Sodium stibogluconate‬ ‬‭ N-methyl-glucamine antimonate‬ ‭ ‬‭ Secondary drugs‬: Amphotericin B‬ Pentamidine (for Kalaazar fever)‬ Metronidazole‬ Nifurtimo