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S.N Pathology I > Hemodynamic disorders > Flashcards

Hemodynamic disorders Flashcards

Madaras lectures, week 2

1
Q

Define Hyperemia

A

Locally increased blood volume

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2
Q

Define Active Hyperemia

A

increase in the blood supply to an organ

caused by arteriolar vasodilation

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3
Q

Define Passive Hyperemia

what is the other name?

A

Also called congestion

blood can’t properly exit an organ- impaired outflow of venous blood

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4
Q

What will happen in left side heart failure?

A

Blood stays in the lungs
lungs congestion
(Left=Lung)

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5
Q

What will happen in right side heart failure?

A

Blood stays in the systemic circulation, many organs are congested

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6
Q

Define Edema

A

Increased fluids content in the Interstitium

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7
Q

What is Erythema?

A

Redness of the skin/ mucous membrane

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8
Q

Congested tissue appearance

A

Abnormal red-blue color (cyanotic- bcs of the accumuation deoxygenated Hg)

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9
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

liver appearance?

A

Nutmeg liver
Centriolobular necrosis
Cardiac fibrosis

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10
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

kidney appearance?

A

Stellate veins accenuated
Cortex widened
Sharp seperation of Medulla and Cortex

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11
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

spleen appearance?

A

Enlarged
Livid
Fibrosis

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12
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

skin appearance?

A

Cyanosis

Anasarca

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13
Q

Define Anasarca

A

Severe Edema

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14
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

Body cavities appearance?

A

Ascites

Hydrothorax

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15
Q

Define Ascites

A

abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen

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16
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (LHF)

Lungs appearance?

A

Heavy
Firm
HF cells
Hemosiderin pigments in HF cells

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17
Q

Define Exudate

A

Edema fluis which is rich in proteins

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18
Q

Pathomechanism of Hemorrhage

A

Rupture of vessels wall
Erosion of vessels wall
Vascular wall abnormalities (bcs of Hypoxia, Drugs…)
Disorders (Thrombocytopenia, Thrombasthenia, Clotting factors problems)

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19
Q

How do you call low platelets count

A

Thrombocytopenia

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20
Q

How do you call deffective platelets function

A

Thrombasthenia

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21
Q

Define Patechia

A

1–2 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin or conjunctiva

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22
Q

Define Purpura

A

3-10 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin caused by minor bleeding

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23
Q

Define Ecchymosis

A

Subcutaneous spot of bleeding with diameter larger than 1 cm

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24
Q

Why will we see color change in bruises?

A

Enzymatic conversion of Hg -> Bilirubin -> Hemosiderin

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25
Q

Define Hemothorax

A

Accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity

26
Q

Define Hemascos

A

Accumulation of blood within the abdomian cavitiy

27
Q

Define Hemarthrosis

A

Accumulation of blood within the joint cavitiy

28
Q

Define Epistaxis

A

Accumulation of blood within the nasal cavity

29
Q

Define Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood

30
Q

Define Melena

A

Dark blood feces

31
Q

Define Hematochezia

A

Passage of fresh blood through the anus

32
Q

Define thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel

33
Q

Other name:

1–2 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin or conjunctiva

A

Patechia

34
Q

Other name:

3-10 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin caused by minor bleeding

A

Purpura

35
Q

Other name:

Subcutaneous spot of bleeding with diameter larger than 1 cm

A

Ecchymosis

36
Q

Other name:

Accumulation of blood within the abdomian cavitiy

A

Hemascos

37
Q

Other name:

Accumulation of blood within the joint cavitiy

A

Hemarthrosis

38
Q

Other name:

Accumulation of blood within the nasal cavity

A

Epistaxis

39
Q

Other name:

Vomiting of blood

A

Hematemesis

40
Q

Other name:

Dark blood feces

A

Melena

41
Q

Other name:

Passage of fresh blood through the anus

A

Hematochezia

42
Q

What is the Virchow’s triad?

A
  1. Endothelial integrity
  2. Hemodynamic parameters
  3. Hypercoagulability

They all contribute to the pathogenesis of thrombosis

43
Q

Hypercoagulability can be

A

Primary- Genetic

Secondary- Acquired factors

44
Q

What can decrease the risk of Thrombosis

A 
Cardiomyopathy
Nephrotic syndrome
Hyper esrogenic conditions
Oral contraceptive
Sickle cell anemia
45
Q

Main complications of Arterial Thrombosis

A

Ischemia

Infarction

46
Q

What will we see in histology slide of congested lung?

A

Hemosiderin pigments in Laden MPH

47
Q

Edema fluids are classified as

A

Transudate

Protein poor

48
Q

Examples for hemorrhagic diatheses

A

Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
Thrombasthenia (defective platelet function)
Clotting factors abnormalities

49
Q

Define Suffusion

A

Spreading of fluids of the body into the surrounding tissues

50
Q

Put them by order from small to large

Purpura, Ecchymosis, Petechia

A

Petechia
Purpura
Ecchymosis

51
Q

Causes for heart chambers thrombosis

A

Endothelial injury
Turbulent flow
Arrhythmias

52
Q

Where do fibrin thrombi occurs

A

In small vessels

53
Q

Fate of thrombus

A

Propagation (vessel occlusion)
Embolizaton
Dissolution
Organization and recanalization

54
Q

Most emboli derived from _________

A

Dislodged thrombus

55
Q

Most systemic thromboembolisms arise from

A

Intracardiac mural thrombi

56
Q

Example for paradoxical embolism

A

Originate from lower extremities DVT

travels to systemic circulation through patent foramen ovale

57
Q

Main source of pulmonary thromboembolism

A

DVT

58
Q

Signs of RHF

Kidney

A

Stellate veins accentuated
Cortex widened
Sharp separation btw. medulla and cortex

59
Q

Signs of RHF

Body cavities

A

Ascites

Hydrothorax

60
Q

Signs of RHF

Liver

A

Nutmeg liver
Centriolobular necrosis
Cardiac fibrosis

61
Q

LHF signs

A

Lungs are heavy, firm, HF cells

62
Q

Local chronic Congestion

A

Sup vena cava syndrome
Budd-Chiari (Hepatic vein thrombosis)
Extremities

S.N Pathology I (4 decks)

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