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S.N Pathology I > Hemodynamic disorders > Flashcards

Hemodynamic disorders Flashcards

Madaras lectures, week 2

1
Q

Define Hyperemia

A

Locally increased blood volume

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2
Q

Define Active Hyperemia

A

increase in the blood supply to an organ

caused by arteriolar vasodilation

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3
Q

Define Passive Hyperemia

what is the other name?

A

Also called congestion

blood can’t properly exit an organ- impaired outflow of venous blood

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4
Q

What will happen in left side heart failure?

A

Blood stays in the lungs
lungs congestion
(Left=Lung)

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5
Q

What will happen in right side heart failure?

A

Blood stays in the systemic circulation, many organs are congested

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6
Q

Define Edema

A

Increased fluids content in the Interstitium

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7
Q

What is Erythema?

A

Redness of the skin/ mucous membrane

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8
Q

Congested tissue appearance

A

Abnormal red-blue color (cyanotic- bcs of the accumuation deoxygenated Hg)

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9
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

liver appearance?

A

Nutmeg liver
Centriolobular necrosis
Cardiac fibrosis

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10
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

kidney appearance?

A

Stellate veins accenuated
Cortex widened
Sharp seperation of Medulla and Cortex

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11
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

spleen appearance?

A

Enlarged
Livid
Fibrosis

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12
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

skin appearance?

A

Cyanosis

Anasarca

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13
Q

Define Anasarca

A

Severe Edema

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14
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (RHF)

Body cavities appearance?

A

Ascites

Hydrothorax

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15
Q

Define Ascites

A

abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen

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16
Q

Consequences of systemic chronic congestion (LHF)

Lungs appearance?

A

Heavy
Firm
HF cells
Hemosiderin pigments in HF cells

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17
Q

Define Exudate

A

Edema fluis which is rich in proteins

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18
Q

Pathomechanism of Hemorrhage

A

Rupture of vessels wall
Erosion of vessels wall
Vascular wall abnormalities (bcs of Hypoxia, Drugs…)
Disorders (Thrombocytopenia, Thrombasthenia, Clotting factors problems)

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19
Q

How do you call low platelets count

A

Thrombocytopenia

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20
Q

How do you call deffective platelets function

A

Thrombasthenia

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21
Q

Define Patechia

A

1–2 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin or conjunctiva

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22
Q

Define Purpura

A

3-10 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin caused by minor bleeding

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23
Q

Define Ecchymosis

A

Subcutaneous spot of bleeding with diameter larger than 1 cm

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24
Q

Why will we see color change in bruises?

A

Enzymatic conversion of Hg -> Bilirubin -> Hemosiderin

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25
Define Hemothorax
Accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity
26
Define Hemascos
Accumulation of blood within the abdomian cavitiy
27
Define Hemarthrosis
Accumulation of blood within the joint cavitiy
28
Define Epistaxis
Accumulation of blood within the nasal cavity
29
Define Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
30
Define Melena
Dark blood feces
31
Define Hematochezia
Passage of fresh blood through the anus
32
Define thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel
33
Other name: | 1–2 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin or conjunctiva
Patechia
34
Other name: | 3-10 mm red or purple spot (hemorrhage) on the skin caused by minor bleeding
Purpura
35
Other name: | Subcutaneous spot of bleeding with diameter larger than 1 cm
Ecchymosis
36
Other name: | Accumulation of blood within the abdomian cavitiy
Hemascos
37
Other name: | Accumulation of blood within the joint cavitiy
Hemarthrosis
38
Other name: | Accumulation of blood within the nasal cavity
Epistaxis
39
Other name: | Vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
40
Other name: | Dark blood feces
Melena
41
Other name: | Passage of fresh blood through the anus
Hematochezia
42
What is the Virchow's triad?
1. Endothelial integrity 2. Hemodynamic parameters 3. Hypercoagulability They all contribute to the pathogenesis of thrombosis
43
Hypercoagulability can be
Primary- Genetic | Secondary- Acquired factors
44
What can decrease the risk of Thrombosis
``` Cardiomyopathy Nephrotic syndrome Hyper esrogenic conditions Oral contraceptive Sickle cell anemia ```
45
Main complications of Arterial Thrombosis
Ischemia | Infarction
46
What will we see in histology slide of congested lung?
Hemosiderin pigments in Laden MPH
47
Edema fluids are classified as
Transudate | Protein poor
48
Examples for hemorrhagic diatheses
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Thrombasthenia (defective platelet function) Clotting factors abnormalities
49
Define Suffusion
Spreading of fluids of the body into the surrounding tissues
50
Put them by order from small to large | Purpura, Ecchymosis, Petechia
Petechia Purpura Ecchymosis
51
Causes for heart chambers thrombosis
Endothelial injury Turbulent flow Arrhythmias
52
Where do fibrin thrombi occurs
In small vessels
53
Fate of thrombus
Propagation (vessel occlusion) Embolizaton Dissolution Organization and recanalization
54
Most emboli derived from _________
Dislodged thrombus
55
Most systemic thromboembolisms arise from
Intracardiac mural thrombi
56
Example for paradoxical embolism
Originate from lower extremities DVT | travels to systemic circulation through patent foramen ovale
57
Main source of pulmonary thromboembolism
DVT
58
Signs of RHF | Kidney
Stellate veins accentuated Cortex widened Sharp separation btw. medulla and cortex
59
Signs of RHF | Body cavities
Ascites | Hydrothorax
60
Signs of RHF | Liver
Nutmeg liver Centriolobular necrosis Cardiac fibrosis
61
LHF signs
Lungs are heavy, firm, HF cells
62
Local chronic Congestion
Sup vena cava syndrome Budd-Chiari (Hepatic vein thrombosis) Extremities

S.N Pathology I (4 decks)

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