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S.N Pathology I > Cell injury > Flashcards

Cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells due to increased stress

leads to increase in the size of the organ/tissue

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2
Q

Define Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of cells due to increased stress

leads to increase in the size of the organ/tissue

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3
Q

Uterus during pregnancy is an example of

A

Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy

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4
Q

Which tissues cannot make new cells? what is the consequences?

A

Cardiac muscle
Nerve
Skeletal m

will go through Hypertrophy and not Hyperplasia

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5
Q

Define Atrophy

A

Decrease in stress leads to decrease in size and number of cells

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6
Q

Decrease in cell number occurs via

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

Decrease in cell size occurs via

A

Degregation of cytoskeleton and Autophagy of cellular components

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8
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type

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9
Q

Metaplasia is

reversible/ireversible

A

reversible

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10
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Disordered cellular growth

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11
Q

Define Aplasia

A

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis

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12
Q

When will cellular injury happen?

A

When a stress exceeds the cells ability to adapt

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13
Q

Write down common causes of cellular injuries

A 
Inflammation
Nutritiunal deficiency/excess
Hypoxia
Trauma
Genetic mutation
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14
Q

Common causes of Hypoxia

A

Ischemia
Hypoxemia
Decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood

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15
Q

Define Ischemia

A

Decreased blood flow throgh an organ

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16
Q

Define Hypoxemia

A

Low partial P of O2 in the blood

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17
Q

Commo causes for Hypoxemia

A 
High altitude
Hypoventilation
Diffusion defect
Circulation problem
Ventilation problem
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18
Q

What phase is reversible in cellular injury?

A

Cellular swelling

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19
Q

What phase is irreversible in cellular injury?

A

Membrane damage

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20
Q

Morphologic mark of cell death?

A

Loss of nucleus

21
Q

Define Pyknosis

A

irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

22
Q

Two mechanism of cell death?

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

23
Q

Define Necrosis

A

Death of large groups of cells followed by acute inflammation
Never physiologic!

24
Q

Types of Necrosis

A 
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Gangrenous
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid
25
Q

Appearance of Caseous necrosis

A

Soft and Friable

“cottage cheese-like”

26
Q

Define Apoptosis

A

ATP dependent

Genetically programmed cell death

27
Q

What happens to apoptotic bodies?

A

removed by Macrophages

28
Q

What mediates apoptosis?

A

Caspases- activate proteases and endonucleases

29
Q

Proteases job

A

Breaks down cytoskeleton

30
Q

Endonucleases

A

Breaks down DNA

31
Q

Define what is Amyloid?

A

Misfolded protein that deposits in the EC space -> Damaging tissues

32
Q

What is the difference btw. Hypoxia and Ischemia?

A

Hypoxia means deficient O2 supply while Ischemia means deficient blood flow

Ischemia leads also to deficient nutrition supply

33
Q

What is the most common cause of Hypoxia?

A

Ischemia

34
Q

Describe the morphology of Necrosis

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Eosinophilia
  3. Formation of myelinfigures
  4. Disappearance of nucleus
  5. Calcification
35
Q

Describe swelling

A

Na/K stops working -> increased Na inside cell -> cellular water uptake

36
Q

Why do necrotic cells colored eosinophilic?

A

Eosin binds denaturated proteins

37
Q

Stages of nucleus disappearance during necrosis

A

Normal
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
karyolysis

38
Q

In ________ necrosis, denaturation of proteins is predominant during development

A

Coagulative

39
Q

In ________ necrosis, activity of proteolytic enzymes is predominant

A

Liquefactive

40
Q

Examples for liquefactive necrosis

A

Infectious lesion caused by bacteria and fungi
Anemic infarction of brain
hemorrhagic infarction of brain
Tumors

41
Q

Caseating necrosis is a special type of _______ necrosis

A

Coagulative

42
Q

What is the common cause for caseous necrosis?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

43
Q

Examples for fat necrosis

A

Acute pancreatitis
Trauma to the breast
Injection given in fat tissue

44
Q

Stages of Apoptosis

A
  1. Cytoplasmic eosinophilia and condensation of chromatin
  2. Karorrhexis
  3. Apoptotic bodies
  4. Phagocytosis
45
Q

Examples for intracellular pigments accumulation

A

Hemosiderin (in chronic HTN)

Lipofuscin

46
Q

Amyloidosis is associated with (2)

A

Hereditary diseases

Chronic inflammation

47
Q

Amyloid material consist of

A

Aggregated fibril proteins that bind proteoglycans, GAGS and plasma proteins

48
Q

How can we diagnose Amyloidosis?

A

Congo red staining and electron microscopy

49
Q

Where can we see accumulation of amyloid in the liver?

A

Within the space of Disse and in the Parenchyme

S.N Pathology I (4 decks)

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