Cell injury

Question 1

Define Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase in the number of cells due to increased stress

leads to increase in the size of the organ/tissue

Question 2

Define Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increase in the size of cells due to increased stress

leads to increase in the size of the organ/tissue

Question 3

Uterus during pregnancy is an example of

Answer 3

Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy

Question 4

Which tissues cannot make new cells? what is the consequences?

Answer 4

Cardiac muscle
Nerve
Skeletal m

will go through Hypertrophy and not Hyperplasia

Question 5

Define Atrophy

Answer 5

Decrease in stress leads to decrease in size and number of cells

Question 6

Decrease in cell number occurs via

Answer 6

Apoptosis

Question 7

Decrease in cell size occurs via

Answer 7

Degregation of cytoskeleton and Autophagy of cellular components

Question 8

Define Metaplasia

Answer 8

Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type

Question 9

Metaplasia is

reversible/ireversible

Answer 9

reversible

Question 10

Define Dysplasia

Answer 10

Disordered cellular growth

Question 11

Define Aplasia

Answer 11

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 12

When will cellular injury happen?

Answer 12

When a stress exceeds the cells ability to adapt

Question 13

Write down common causes of cellular injuries

Answer 13

Inflammation
Nutritiunal deficiency/excess
Hypoxia
Trauma
Genetic mutation

Question 14

Common causes of Hypoxia

Answer 14

Ischemia
Hypoxemia
Decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood

Question 15

Define Ischemia

Answer 15

Decreased blood flow throgh an organ

Question 16

Define Hypoxemia

Answer 16

Low partial P of O2 in the blood

Question 17

Commo causes for Hypoxemia

Answer 17

High altitude
Hypoventilation
Diffusion defect
Circulation problem
Ventilation problem

Question 18

What phase is reversible in cellular injury?

Answer 18

Cellular swelling

Question 19

What phase is irreversible in cellular injury?

Answer 19

Membrane damage

Question 20

Morphologic mark of cell death?

Answer 20

Loss of nucleus

Question 21

Define Pyknosis

Answer 21

irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

Question 22

Two mechanism of cell death?

Answer 22

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Question 23

Define Necrosis

Answer 23

Death of large groups of cells followed by acute inflammation
Never physiologic!

Question 24

Types of Necrosis

Answer 24

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Gangrenous
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid

Question 25

Appearance of Caseous necrosis

Answer 25

Soft and Friable | "cottage cheese-like"

Question 26

Define Apoptosis

Answer 26

ATP dependent | Genetically programmed cell death

Question 27

What happens to apoptotic bodies?

Answer 27

removed by Macrophages

Question 28

What mediates apoptosis?

Answer 28

Caspases- activate proteases and endonucleases

Question 29

Proteases job

Answer 29

Breaks down cytoskeleton

Question 30

Endonucleases

Answer 30

Breaks down DNA

Question 31

Define what is Amyloid?

Answer 31

Misfolded protein that deposits in the EC space -> Damaging tissues

Question 32

What is the difference btw. Hypoxia and Ischemia?

Answer 32

Hypoxia means deficient O2 supply while Ischemia means deficient blood flow Ischemia leads also to deficient nutrition supply

Question 33

What is the most common cause of Hypoxia?

Answer 33

Ischemia

Question 34

Describe the morphology of Necrosis

Answer 34

1. Swelling 2. Eosinophilia 3. Formation of myelinfigures 4. Disappearance of nucleus 5. Calcification

Question 35

Describe swelling

Answer 35

Na/K stops working -> increased Na inside cell -> cellular water uptake

Question 36

Why do necrotic cells colored eosinophilic?

Answer 36

Eosin binds denaturated proteins

Question 37

Stages of nucleus disappearance during necrosis

Answer 37

Normal Pyknosis Karyorrhexis karyolysis

Question 38

In ________ necrosis, denaturation of proteins is predominant during development

Answer 38

Coagulative

Question 39

In ________ necrosis, activity of proteolytic enzymes is predominant

Answer 39

Liquefactive

Question 40

Examples for liquefactive necrosis

Answer 40

Infectious lesion caused by bacteria and fungi Anemic infarction of brain hemorrhagic infarction of brain Tumors

Question 41

Caseating necrosis is a special type of _______ necrosis

Answer 41

Coagulative

Question 42

What is the common cause for caseous necrosis?

Answer 42

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Question 43

Examples for fat necrosis

Answer 43

Acute pancreatitis Trauma to the breast Injection given in fat tissue

Question 44

Stages of Apoptosis

Answer 44

1. Cytoplasmic eosinophilia and condensation of chromatin 2. Karorrhexis 3. Apoptotic bodies 4. Phagocytosis

Question 45

Examples for intracellular pigments accumulation

Answer 45

Hemosiderin (in chronic HTN) | Lipofuscin

Question 46

Amyloidosis is associated with (2)

Answer 46

Hereditary diseases | Chronic inflammation

Question 47

Amyloid material consist of

Answer 47

Aggregated fibril proteins that bind proteoglycans, GAGS and plasma proteins

Question 48

How can we diagnose Amyloidosis?

Answer 48

Congo red staining and electron microscopy

Question 49

Where can we see accumulation of amyloid in the liver?

Answer 49

Within the space of Disse and in the Parenchyme