Hematopoietic System Flashcards
What is anemia?
Decrease in amount of hemoglobin in blood
What are the symptoms of anemia?
-Pallor (noticeably pale)
-Weakness
-Dyspnea
-Increased heart rate
What is dyspnea?
Short of breath-Not enough oxygen carried throughout the body
What are the types of anemia?
1.Microcytic
2.Hemolytic
3.Megaloblastic
What is microcytic anemia caused by?
Small blood cells or iron deficiency
What is the most common type of anemia?
microcytic
What is one non radiographic sign of microcytic anemia?
-Chronic slow bleeds
What is the cause of Hemolytic anemia?
Hereditary defect produces abnormal cells
What is one physical sign of hemolytic anemia?
Jaundice-because there is more bilirubin in their body
What is Megaloblastic anemia the result of?
Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
What are the radiographic appearances of Hemolytic anemia?
1.Generalized osteoporosis-Decreased density, more radiolucent, picture frame appearance
2.Coarse Pattern
3.Widening of medullary spaces in the Long Bones (marrow hyperplasia) and thinning of the cortices
4.Bulging shafts-Not seeing nice concavity
5.“Hair-on-end” appearance in skull
6.Paravertebral hematopoietic tissue
What is Paravertebral hematopoietic tissue?
Making more tissue that will make blood (body trying to compensate-random tissue)
What are the radiographic signs of Megaloblastic anemia?
Gastric atrophy (tubular stomach with less rugae)
What is leukemia?
Neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells and a decrease in number of red blood cells and platelets
What are the two sections of leukemia?
Acute vs chronic
What are the two types of leukemia?
1.Myelocytic Leukemia (or Myelogenous Leukemia)
2.Lymphatic Leukemia
What is Myelocytic Leukemia (or Myelogenous Leukemia)?
-Cancer of the bone marrow
Does the acute type of Myelocytic Leukemia occur more in adults or children?
Adults
T/F
Myelocytic Leukemia causes a huge increase in the number of granulocytes
True
What is Lymphatic Leukemia?
-Cancer of the lymph nodes
T/F
Lymphatic Leukemia causes a huge increase in number of lymphocytes
True
Is acute Lymphatic Leukemia more common in adults or children?
Acute type more common in children
What are the symptoms of leukemia?
-Weakness, SOB
-Bleeding tendency-Less platelets
-Highly susceptible to infections-Less mature white blood cells
What is the first radiographic sign of leukemia?
Radiolucent transverse bands at the ends of knees, ankles, wrists
What are the radiographic appearances of leukemia?
1.Subperiosteal new bone formation
2.Osteolytic lesion involving medullary cavity and cortex
3.Enlargement of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes on chest images
What is a radiographic sign of chronic leukemia?
Hepatosplenomegaly
(Infiltration of the white blood cells going to the liver and spleen which becomes large)
How does GI tract infiltration from leukemia appear radiographically?
-Filling defects
-Cancer-like appearance
How does Renal infiltration appear radiographically with leukemia?
-Bilateral kidney enlargement
What is lymphoma?
Neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system
Where in the body does lymphoma affect
Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid tissues of GI tract, lung and skin
What are the two types of lymphoma?
Hodgkins and non hodgkin’s lymphoma
What percentage of hodgkin’s lymphoma occurs in the lymph nodes
90% occur in lymph nodes
What cells indicate hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed–Sternberg cells (large cells)
What type of lymphoma has a better prognosis?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What is the more common type of lymphoma
Non hodgkin’s lymphoma
What organs are often involved with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Parenchymal organs more often involved
What is required to differentiate between hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphoma?
CT biopsy for diagnosis and staging
What are the signs and symptoms of lymphoma?
-Mediastinal lymph node enlargement
-Anterior mediastinal node involvement is common
-Unintended weight loss
-Pruritus
-Fatigue
-Night sweats
-Painless lymph node enlargement
What is Pruritus?
Intense itching of the skin
What can Enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) cause?
Can cause renal enlargement and distortion of calyces
What does lymphoma appear as in the Lungs?
-Coarse interstitial pattern (like interstitial pneumonia) , pleural effusion
T/F
1/3 of patients that have lymphoma have PE
True
What percentage of patients with lymphoma have GI tract infiltration?
5-10% of pts
How does lymphoma in the stomach appear?
-Stomach: mass, may look like ulcer or carcinoma
How does lymphoma in the small bowel appear?
-Small bowel: thickening of mucosal fold, filling defects, ulcerations
What percentage of patients with lymphoma have skeletel infiltration?
15% of patients
How does lymphoma in the Skeletal system appear?
-Bony erosion, and mix of bony destruction and sclerosis
-Dense vertebral sclerosis (Ivory vertebra)
How does lymphoma appear as in nuclear medicine?
Hot spots in PET scans-Can be very wide spread
What precautions must radiographers take with Leukemia and Lymphoma patients?
-Reverse isolation
-May present with bony deficiencies, so take precaution to be careful moving patients
