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MOD Final > Hematopoiesis (Part I) > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis (Part I) Flashcards

1
Q

What does hematopoiesis begin with?

A

the pluripotent stem cell

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2
Q

What is the first split off of the pluripotent stem cell?

A

it will become either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell

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3
Q

What stems from the myeloid stem cell?

A

erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts, monoblasts, and myeloblasts

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4
Q

what is derived from erythroblasts?

A

RBCs

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5
Q

what is derived from megakaryoblasts?

A

platelets

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6
Q

what is derived from monoblasts?

A

monocytes

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7
Q

What is derived from myeloblasts?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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8
Q

What stems from the lymphoid stem cell?

A

a pre-B cell and a Prothymocyte

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9
Q

what is derived from the prothymocyte?

A

a T lymphocyte

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10
Q

What are the different sites of hematopoiesis in chronological order?

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen, and then finally the bone marrow

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11
Q

What happens to hematopoiesis shortly after puberty?

A

prior to puberty, hematopoiesis occurs throughout all bones in the body; however, shortly after puberty, hematopoiesis occurs in more of an axillary location including the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and proximal femur

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12
Q

Within the bone marrow, there are two principal compartments. What are they?

A

the hematopoietic cell compartment and the marrow stromal compartment

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13
Q

What does the hematopoietic cell compartment of the bone marrow consist of?

A

an erythroblastic area, a myeloid area, megakaryocytes

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14
Q

What does the marrow stromal compartment consist of?

A

endothelial cells, adipocytes, stromal cells and fibroblasts, and macrophages

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the endothelial cells in the marrow stromal compartment?

A

they are fenestrated, so they allow the mature cells to come out into the circulation and become our peripheral blood

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16
Q

what is the main role of all of the stromal compartment cells?

A

they are responsible for helping us produce the hematopoietic growth factors

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17
Q

how can you calculate the percentage of cellularity a person should have in their bone marrow? and what does this tell us?

A

you subtract their age from 100; this helps us calculate to see if someone’s bone marrow is hypocellular or hypercellular

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18
Q

How is the process of hematopoiesis regulated?

A

hematopoietic growth factors

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19
Q

where are hematopoietic growth factors produced?

A

in bone marrow by endothelial cells, stromal cells, fibroblasts, developing lymphocytes, and macrophages

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20
Q

what are the chief hematopoietic growth factors?

A

colony-stimulating factors (CSF), cytokines (interleukins), erythropoietin (EPO), Thrombopoietin (TPO)

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21
Q

what is the first potentiator of hematopoietic differentiation?

A

stem cell factor (SCF)

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22
Q

what is stem cell factor produced by?

A

fetal tissues and bone marrow

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23
Q

what is the main role of stem cell factor (SCF)?

A

it makes stem cells responsive to other cytokines

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24
Q

What interleukins act as hematopoietic growth factors?

A

IL-3, IL-6, IL-2

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25
Q

what is the role of IL-3 as a hematopoietic growth factor?

A

it influences the replication and growth potential of hematopoietic progenitors (non-lymphoid stimulator)

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26
Q

what is the role of IL-6 as a hematopoietic growth factor?

A

it stimulates megakaryocytes and neutrophil production; it is a key factor in leukemoid reaction; it acts as a B-cell growth factor

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27
Q

what is the role of IL-2 as a hematopoietic growth factor?

A

it acts as a B and T cell growth factor

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28
Q

What is G-CSF?

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

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29
Q

what is G-CSF produced by?

A

endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages

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30
Q

what is the role of G-CSF?

A

it stimulates an increase in neutrophils

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31
Q

why is G-CSF important to know about?

A

it has a direct therapeutic application; it is utilized in severe neutropenia after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant ; it is also utilized for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in bone marrow transplant donors in order to collect enough stem cells for transplantation

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32
Q

Where is erythropoietin primarily produced?

A

in the kidney in response to low pO2 levels

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33
Q

what is the role of erythropoietin?

A

it stimulates the formation of erythrocytes

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34
Q

what is erythropoietin used for for treatment purposes?

A

erythropoietin stimulating agents are used in clinical treatment for anemia

35
Q

where is thrombopoietin produced?

A

in the liver

36
Q

what is the role of thrombopoietin?

A

it stimulates an increase in megakaryocytes and platelets

37
Q

What are the different steps of erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Pronormoblast (proerythroblast) 2. Basophilic normoblast (erythroblast) 3. polychromatic normoblast (erythroblast) 4. orthochromic normoblast (erythroblast) 5. polychromatic erythrocytes (reticulocyte) 6. Erythrocyte
38
Q

what are 2 general features of proerythroblasts?

A

they have a large central nucleus and 3-5 pale nucleoli

39
Q

what are the general characteristics of basophilic erythroblasts?

A

smaller nucleus, patchy chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm, bluish clumps

40
Q

what are the general characteristics of polychromatophilic erythroblasts?

A

smaller nucleus, condensed chromatin, light blue clumps of polyribosomes, light pink HGB; CHECKERBOARD

41
Q

what are the general characteristics of orthochromatophilic erythroblast?

A

dense chromatin (pyknotic) nucleus, pink cytoplasm

42
Q

how does the cytoplasm appear in the orthochromatophilic erythroblast?

A

pinkish with slight tinge of blue

43
Q

how does the nucleus appear in the orthochromatophilic erythroblast?

A

dark, condensed, round

44
Q

what are the general characteristics of reticulocytes?

A

the nucleus is extruded; there are blue polyribosomes

45
Q

how does the cytoplasm appear in reticulocytes?

A

same as the circulating RBCs, but a supravital stain reveals blue reticulum

46
Q

how does the nucelus appear in reticulocytes?

A

there is no nucleus

47
Q

what percentage of our blood composition is reticulocytes?

A

2%

48
Q

in hemolytic anemias, what is the blood composition like (speak specifically of reticulocytes)?

A

the reticulocyte count or index will be increased

49
Q

what are 2 examples of hemolytic anemias that will cause an increase in the reticulocyte count or index?

A

sickle cell or beta thalassemia

50
Q

what happens when the reticulocyte count is increased?

A

there is an increase in red cell distribution width (since the reticulocytes are larger than normal erythrocytes

51
Q

what can be seen in reticulocytes when they are stained with supravital dye?

A

they contain remnant endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

52
Q

What are the 2 different types of Leukopoiesis?

A

agranulopoiesis and granulopoiesis

53
Q

what are the four characteristics of agranulopoiesis?

A

heterochromatin content increases; no specific granules form; no nuclear lobulation; cell size decreases

54
Q

what are the four characteristics of granulopoiesis?

A

chromatin condenses; cytoplasmic granules form; nucleus becomes lobulated; cell size decreases

55
Q

what cells form via agranulopoiesis?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

56
Q

what cells form via granulopoiesis?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

57
Q

what are the steps in the maturation process of neutrophils?

A
  1. myeloblast 2. promyelocyte 3. myelocyte 4. metamyelocyte 5. Band cell 6. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil
58
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the myeloblast stage?

A

there are small blue clumps on a light blue background; NO GRANULES YET

59
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the myeloblast stage?

A

red-blue, round, fine chromatin, 2-3 PALE NUCLEOLI

60
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the promyelocyte stage?

A

bluish with MANY SMALL DARK AZUROPHILIC GRANULES

61
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the promyelocyte stage?

A

red-blue, round, chromatin is more coarse, there is a nucleolus

62
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the neutrophilic myelocyte stage?

A

pale blue, dark azurophilic and smaller neutrophilic (specific) granules, with a CLEAR PARANUCLEAR GOLGI

63
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the neutrophilic myelocyte stage?

A

round, somewhat FLATTENED, no distinct nucleoli

64
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the neutrophilic metamyelocyte stage?

A

paler, the GOLGI IS NESTLED IN INDENTATION OF NUCLEUS

65
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucelus appear during the neutrophilic metamyelocyte stage?

A

INDENTED, acentric, dark dense chromatin, no nucleoli

66
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the neutrophilic band/ stab cell stage?

A

increased blue appearance, there are BOTH AZUROPHILIC AND NEUTROPHILIC GRANULES

67
Q

during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the neutrophilic band/stab cell stage?

A

HORSESHOE-SHAPED, dark blue, very coarse chromatin, no nucleoli

68
Q

what is the main roles of eosinophils?

A

they phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals; they have antiplastic and bactericidal activity

69
Q

what is the main role of basophils?

A

they secrete histamine and heparin; inflammatory reactions during immune responses and allergies

70
Q

What occurs during lymphocytic leukopoiesis?

A

B and T lymphoblasts are created in the bone marrow

71
Q

what are plasma cells created from?

A

activated B cells which have encountered antigenic stimuli after help from T cells

72
Q

how do plasma cells appear?

A

they have an eccentrically placed nucleus and perinuclear hoff (golgi)

73
Q

where do plasma cells arise?

A

in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes

74
Q

what are the steps of hematopoiesis: platelets?

A
  1. megakaryblast 2. megakaryocyte 3. platelets
75
Q

how do megakaryblasts appear?

A

as a large oval or kidney shaped nucleus; basophilic cytoplasm

76
Q

how do megakaryocytes appear?

A

large multilobed nucleus; DNA replication without cell division–> endomitosis (polyploid nucleus); plasma membrane invaginations

77
Q

how are thousands of platelets released from a single megakaryocyte?

A

through a process of plasma membrane invagination

78
Q

what are the steps to macrophage formation?

A

stem cell–> monoblast–> monocyte–> macrophage–> tissue specific macrophages

79
Q

what are the macrophages of the bone?

A

osteoclasts

80
Q

how can monocytes be recognized on a blood smear?

A

by their characteristic nuclear appearance

81
Q

what color are the first granules to appear in the developing neutrophils?

A

dark red/ purple

82
Q

what color are the secondary granules to appear in the developing neutrophils?

A

lilac or light purple

83
Q

what color granules do mature basophils contain?

A

purple/blue specific granules

84
Q

what color granules do eosinophils contain?

A

refractile orange specific granules

MOD Final (11 decks)

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