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MOD Final > Hematopoiesis (Part I) > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis (Part I) Flashcards

1
Q

What does hematopoiesis begin with?

A

the pluripotent stem cell

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2
Q

What is the first split off of the pluripotent stem cell?

A

it will become either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell

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3
Q

What stems from the myeloid stem cell?

A

erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts, monoblasts, and myeloblasts

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4
Q

what is derived from erythroblasts?

A

RBCs

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5
Q

what is derived from megakaryoblasts?

A

platelets

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6
Q

what is derived from monoblasts?

A

monocytes

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7
Q

What is derived from myeloblasts?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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8
Q

What stems from the lymphoid stem cell?

A

a pre-B cell and a Prothymocyte

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9
Q

what is derived from the prothymocyte?

A

a T lymphocyte

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10
Q

What are the different sites of hematopoiesis in chronological order?

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen, and then finally the bone marrow

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11
Q

What happens to hematopoiesis shortly after puberty?

A

prior to puberty, hematopoiesis occurs throughout all bones in the body; however, shortly after puberty, hematopoiesis occurs in more of an axillary location including the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and proximal femur

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12
Q

Within the bone marrow, there are two principal compartments. What are they?

A

the hematopoietic cell compartment and the marrow stromal compartment

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13
Q

What does the hematopoietic cell compartment of the bone marrow consist of?

A

an erythroblastic area, a myeloid area, megakaryocytes

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14
Q

What does the marrow stromal compartment consist of?

A

endothelial cells, adipocytes, stromal cells and fibroblasts, and macrophages

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the endothelial cells in the marrow stromal compartment?

A

they are fenestrated, so they allow the mature cells to come out into the circulation and become our peripheral blood

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16
Q

what is the main role of all of the stromal compartment cells?

A

they are responsible for helping us produce the hematopoietic growth factors

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17
Q

how can you calculate the percentage of cellularity a person should have in their bone marrow? and what does this tell us?

A

you subtract their age from 100; this helps us calculate to see if someone’s bone marrow is hypocellular or hypercellular

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18
Q

How is the process of hematopoiesis regulated?

A

hematopoietic growth factors

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19
Q

where are hematopoietic growth factors produced?

A

in bone marrow by endothelial cells, stromal cells, fibroblasts, developing lymphocytes, and macrophages

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20
Q

what are the chief hematopoietic growth factors?

A

colony-stimulating factors (CSF), cytokines (interleukins), erythropoietin (EPO), Thrombopoietin (TPO)

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21
Q

what is the first potentiator of hematopoietic differentiation?

A

stem cell factor (SCF)

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22
Q

what is stem cell factor produced by?

A

fetal tissues and bone marrow

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23
Q

what is the main role of stem cell factor (SCF)?

A

it makes stem cells responsive to other cytokines

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24
Q

What interleukins act as hematopoietic growth factors?

A

IL-3, IL-6, IL-2

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25
what is the role of IL-3 as a hematopoietic growth factor?
it influences the replication and growth potential of hematopoietic progenitors (non-lymphoid stimulator)
26
what is the role of IL-6 as a hematopoietic growth factor?
it stimulates megakaryocytes and neutrophil production; it is a key factor in leukemoid reaction; it acts as a B-cell growth factor
27
what is the role of IL-2 as a hematopoietic growth factor?
it acts as a B and T cell growth factor
28
What is G-CSF?
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
29
what is G-CSF produced by?
endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages
30
what is the role of G-CSF?
it stimulates an increase in neutrophils
31
why is G-CSF important to know about?
it has a direct therapeutic application; it is utilized in severe neutropenia after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant ; it is also utilized for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in bone marrow transplant donors in order to collect enough stem cells for transplantation
32
Where is erythropoietin primarily produced?
in the kidney in response to low pO2 levels
33
what is the role of erythropoietin?
it stimulates the formation of erythrocytes
34
what is erythropoietin used for for treatment purposes?
erythropoietin stimulating agents are used in clinical treatment for anemia
35
where is thrombopoietin produced?
in the liver
36
what is the role of thrombopoietin?
it stimulates an increase in megakaryocytes and platelets
37
What are the different steps of erythropoiesis?
1. Pronormoblast (proerythroblast) 2. Basophilic normoblast (erythroblast) 3. polychromatic normoblast (erythroblast) 4. orthochromic normoblast (erythroblast) 5. polychromatic erythrocytes (reticulocyte) 6. Erythrocyte
38
what are 2 general features of proerythroblasts?
they have a large central nucleus and 3-5 pale nucleoli
39
what are the general characteristics of basophilic erythroblasts?
smaller nucleus, patchy chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm, bluish clumps
40
what are the general characteristics of polychromatophilic erythroblasts?
smaller nucleus, condensed chromatin, light blue clumps of polyribosomes, light pink HGB; CHECKERBOARD
41
what are the general characteristics of orthochromatophilic erythroblast?
dense chromatin (pyknotic) nucleus, pink cytoplasm
42
how does the cytoplasm appear in the orthochromatophilic erythroblast?
pinkish with slight tinge of blue
43
how does the nucleus appear in the orthochromatophilic erythroblast?
dark, condensed, round
44
what are the general characteristics of reticulocytes?
the nucleus is extruded; there are blue polyribosomes
45
how does the cytoplasm appear in reticulocytes?
same as the circulating RBCs, but a supravital stain reveals blue reticulum
46
how does the nucelus appear in reticulocytes?
there is no nucleus
47
what percentage of our blood composition is reticulocytes?
2%
48
in hemolytic anemias, what is the blood composition like (speak specifically of reticulocytes)?
the reticulocyte count or index will be increased
49
what are 2 examples of hemolytic anemias that will cause an increase in the reticulocyte count or index?
sickle cell or beta thalassemia
50
what happens when the reticulocyte count is increased?
there is an increase in red cell distribution width (since the reticulocytes are larger than normal erythrocytes
51
what can be seen in reticulocytes when they are stained with supravital dye?
they contain remnant endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
52
What are the 2 different types of Leukopoiesis?
agranulopoiesis and granulopoiesis
53
what are the four characteristics of agranulopoiesis?
heterochromatin content increases; no specific granules form; no nuclear lobulation; cell size decreases
54
what are the four characteristics of granulopoiesis?
chromatin condenses; cytoplasmic granules form; nucleus becomes lobulated; cell size decreases
55
what cells form via agranulopoiesis?
lymphocytes and monocytes
56
what cells form via granulopoiesis?
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
57
what are the steps in the maturation process of neutrophils?
1. myeloblast 2. promyelocyte 3. myelocyte 4. metamyelocyte 5. Band cell 6. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil
58
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the myeloblast stage?
there are small blue clumps on a light blue background; NO GRANULES YET
59
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the myeloblast stage?
red-blue, round, fine chromatin, 2-3 PALE NUCLEOLI
60
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the promyelocyte stage?
bluish with MANY SMALL DARK AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
61
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the promyelocyte stage?
red-blue, round, chromatin is more coarse, there is a nucleolus
62
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the neutrophilic myelocyte stage?
pale blue, dark azurophilic and smaller neutrophilic (specific) granules, with a CLEAR PARANUCLEAR GOLGI
63
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the neutrophilic myelocyte stage?
round, somewhat FLATTENED, no distinct nucleoli
64
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the neutrophilic metamyelocyte stage?
paler, the GOLGI IS NESTLED IN INDENTATION OF NUCLEUS
65
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucelus appear during the neutrophilic metamyelocyte stage?
INDENTED, acentric, dark dense chromatin, no nucleoli
66
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the cytoplasm appear during the neutrophilic band/ stab cell stage?
increased blue appearance, there are BOTH AZUROPHILIC AND NEUTROPHILIC GRANULES
67
during leukopoiesis of granulocytes, how does the nucleus appear during the neutrophilic band/stab cell stage?
HORSESHOE-SHAPED, dark blue, very coarse chromatin, no nucleoli
68
what is the main roles of eosinophils?
they phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals; they have antiplastic and bactericidal activity
69
what is the main role of basophils?
they secrete histamine and heparin; inflammatory reactions during immune responses and allergies
70
What occurs during lymphocytic leukopoiesis?
B and T lymphoblasts are created in the bone marrow
71
what are plasma cells created from?
activated B cells which have encountered antigenic stimuli after help from T cells
72
how do plasma cells appear?
they have an eccentrically placed nucleus and perinuclear hoff (golgi)
73
where do plasma cells arise?
in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes
74
what are the steps of hematopoiesis: platelets?
1. megakaryblast 2. megakaryocyte 3. platelets
75
how do megakaryblasts appear?
as a large oval or kidney shaped nucleus; basophilic cytoplasm
76
how do megakaryocytes appear?
large multilobed nucleus; DNA replication without cell division--> endomitosis (polyploid nucleus); plasma membrane invaginations
77
how are thousands of platelets released from a single megakaryocyte?
through a process of plasma membrane invagination
78
what are the steps to macrophage formation?
stem cell--> monoblast--> monocyte--> macrophage--> tissue specific macrophages
79
what are the macrophages of the bone?
osteoclasts
80
how can monocytes be recognized on a blood smear?
by their characteristic nuclear appearance
81
what color are the first granules to appear in the developing neutrophils?
dark red/ purple
82
what color are the secondary granules to appear in the developing neutrophils?
lilac or light purple
83
what color granules do mature basophils contain?
purple/blue specific granules
84
what color granules do eosinophils contain?
refractile orange specific granules

MOD Final (11 decks)

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