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MOD Final > Bacteria (Part III) > Flashcards

Bacteria (Part III) Flashcards

1
Q

how can the enterobacteriaceae be largely separated?

A

into organisms that cause gastrointestinal disease and those that cause nosocomial infections

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2
Q

what are the enterobacteriaceae organisms that cause gastrointestinal disease?

A

escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, and yersinia enterocolitica

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3
Q

what are the enterobacteriaceae organisms that cause nosocomial infections?

A

proteus mirabilis, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacteria, serratia

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4
Q

What are 5 examples of lactose fermenters?

A

E. coli and many nosocomial enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, and serratia)

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5
Q

what do lactose fermenters create on the agar plate?

A

they create a vibrant pink color change on MacConkey agar and appear dark black with a metallic sheen on EMB agar

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6
Q

what is escherichia coli?

A

a gram negative rod, lactose fermenter, normal flora of GI tract; a protypical enteric bacteria of the enterobacteriaceae family

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7
Q

how does E. coli pick up virulence factors?

A

through plasmids either through horizontal gene transfer or via bacteriophages

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of urinary tract infection?

A

E. coli

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9
Q

What diseases can E. coli cause? (4)

A

1) diarrhea 2) meningitis (especially neonatal) 3) urinary tract infection 4) PNA

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10
Q

what virulence factor does E. coli have?

A

pili

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11
Q

What causes enterotoxigenic E. coli?

A

consumption of fecally contaminated food or water; it is the most common cause of so called traveler’s diarrhea

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12
Q

what are the high risk areas of acquiring enterotoxiogenic E. coli?

A

mexico, south america, africa, the middle east, and asia

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13
Q

what does enterotoxiogenic E. coli cause?

A

watery diarrhea

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14
Q

what are the toxins released from enterotoxiogenic E. coli that cause watery diarrhea?

A

Heat labile (LT) and heat stabile (ST) toxins

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15
Q

how do the LT and ST toxins released by enterotoxiogenic E. coli cause watery diarrhea?

A

they cause an osmotic pull of water out of cells by causing failure of reabsorption of ions (Na or Cl) or secretion of ions (Cl or HCO3)

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16
Q

what virulence factor does enteroinvasive E. coli have?

A

a virulence plasmid which allows it to invade the bowel wall–> the result is bloody diarrhea

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17
Q

what strain of E. coli has been known to contaminate a wide variety of foods including undercooked meat and spinach as well as lettuce?

A

enterohemorrhagic E. coli

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18
Q

what toxin does enterohemorrhagic E coli produce? (EHEC)

A

shiga-like toxin 1 or 2

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19
Q

what is the effect of shiga-like toxin 1 or 2?

A

it causes cell death through ribosomal inhibition. The result is bloody diarrhea

20
Q

What is the subtype of enterohemorrhagic E. coli?

A

E. coli 0157

21
Q

what is the effect of E. coli 0157?

A

it causes hemolytic uremic syndrome

22
Q

what is hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

a disease characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney damage

23
Q

what does E. coli 0157 produce?

A

a specific toxin- Stx2 toxin- which can cause endothelial damage to small blood vessels

24
Q

what does damage to endothelial cells caused by Stx2 cause?

A

microthrombi–> ultimately causes thrombocytopenia and anemia; the Stx2 toxin also causes kidney damage

25
Q

what is shigella?

A

a gram negative rod, non-motile, always pathogenic

26
Q

how is shigella transmitted?

A

through fecal oral transmission

27
Q

where are shigella outbreaks common?

A

in preschool, daycare centers, nursing homes

28
Q

what is the action of shigella?

A

it invades the intestine producing high fever with bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps

29
Q

what are the four species of shigella?

A

S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. boydii

30
Q

what is the most common species of Shigella in the US?

A

S. sonnei

31
Q

which species of shigella is the most virulent and why?

A

Shigella dysenteriae is the most virulent in that strains of it produce a shiga toxin that causes more widespread cell death by inhibiting protein synthesis at the 60 S ribosomal unit

32
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

a gram negative rod, motile, encapsulated

33
Q

how does salmonella spread?

A

fecal-oral transmission- unwashed contaminated food like chicken eggs or spinach

34
Q

what is salmonella typhi?

A

an exclusively human pathogen

35
Q

what is salmonella typhi associated with?

A

it can develop chronic carriage in the gallbladder; it is associated with gallbladder adenocarcinoma

36
Q

what is associated with non-typhoidal salmonella outbreaks?

A

zootonic reservoir- handling of pets such as turtles or hedgehogs

37
Q

What are the diseases associated with Salmonella?

A

typhoid fever, sepsis/bacteremia, gastroenteritis/diarrhea

38
Q

what specifically causes typhoid fever?

A

salmonella typhi

39
Q

what is the incubation period for typhoid fever?

A

7-14 day incubation period

40
Q

what type of fever is associated with typhoid fever?

A

a “stepwise fever”- rises during the day, drops each morning, troughs and peaks over time

41
Q

what are the symptoms/presentations of typhoid fever?

A

diffuse and colicky right upper quadrant abdominal pain, headache, malaise, hepatosplenomegaly, delirium “typhoid encephalopathy”, fever peaks (104 F); development of “rose spots”= bacterial embolli; overwhelming toxemia can lead to death

42
Q

where can chronic carriage of Salmonella typhi occur?

A

in the gallbladder

43
Q

what diseases can the non-typhi salmonella cause?

A

localized infection of the bone, brain, and lung

44
Q

who is at risk for salmonella poisoning and why?

A

salmonella species are encapsulated so those without a spleen are more at risk for infection

45
Q

what can non-typhoidal salmonella species cause?

A

febrile watery diarrhea with or without some associated trace blood

MOD Final (11 decks)

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