HEMATOPOIESIS & ERYTHROPOIESIS Flashcards
Classical marker of hematopoietic stem cells
CD4
Hematopoiesis considered to start around the ____ after fertilization
19th day of the embryonic development
This theory suggests that each of the blood cell linages is derived from its OWN UNIQUE stem cell
Polyphyletic theory
Suggests that each of the blood cells are derived from a SINGLE PROGENITOR stem cell called a PLURIPOTENT stem cell
Monophyletic theory
Most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists
Monophyletic theory
3 phases of hematopoiesis
Mesoblastic/megaloblastic
Hepatic
Intramedullary/medullary/myeloid
Chief site of hematopoiesis in mesoblastic/megaloblastic phase
Yolk sac
Chief site of hematopoiesis in hepatic phase
Fetal liver
Chief site of hematopoiesis in intramedullary/medullary/myeloid phase
Bone marrow
1st blood cells in mesoblastic phase
Primitive erythroblasts
Important in early embryogenesis to produce hemoglobin (Gower-1, Gower-2 and Portland) necessary for delivery of oxygen to the embryonic tissues
Primitive erythroblasts
It differs from hematopoiesis that occurs later (fetal and adult stage) in that it occurs intravascularly
Yolk sac hematopoiesis
Predominant hemoglobin in hepatic phase
Fetal hemoglobin Hb F
First fully developed organ in the fetus
Thymus
Major site of T cell production
Thymus
Produces B cells
Kidneys and spleen
Hematopoiesis in intramedullary phase starts in the bone marrow cavity before the ____
5th month of fetal development
This becomes the chief site of hematopoiesis by the end of the 24 weeks gestation
Bone marrow
Hematopoietic tissues of adult are located NOT ONLY in the bone marrow but also in the ____, ____, ____, and ____
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Liver
Contains developing erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic
Bone marrow
Considered to be a primary lymphoid organ with functions equivalent to that of Bursa of Fabricus
Bone marrow
Process of replacing red marrow by yellow marrow during development
Retrogression
Between _ and _ years of age, adipocytes become more abundant and start to occupy the spaces in the long bone previously dominated by active marrow
5 and 7 years of age
Red marrow in the adult are restricted to the
Ribs
Sternum, skull, and shoulder blades
Vertebrae
Pelvis and proximal ends of the long bone marrow cavity
Has the ability to revert back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow
Yellow marrow
Hematopoietically active marrrow
Red marrow
Hematopoietic inactive marrow composed primarily of fat cells
Yellow marrow
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
Major secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen and lymph nodes
T and B lymphocytes are derived from
Primary lymphoid organs
Main sites of production of antibodies and the induction of antigen-specific T lymphocytes
Secondary lymphoid organs
Trapping and concentration of foreign substances what lymphoid organ
Secondary lymphoid organ
Largest of the secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen
Major organ in the body in which antibodies are synthesized and from which they are released into the circulation.
Spleen
Splenectomy in children often leads to an increased incidence of
Bacterial sepsis caused primarily by S.pneumoniae, N. Meningitis is, and H. Influenzae
Effect of splenectomy in adults
Less adverse effect, may also lead to some increase in blood borne bacterial infections or bacteremia
An secondary lymphoid organ that is small ovoid, bean shaped structures (normally <1 cm in diameter) found in different areas throughout the body
Lymph nodes
Minor secondary lymphoid organs
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
MALT
A minor secondary lymphoid organ that detects. And responds to antigens in the respiratory and alimentary secretions
Tonsils
Clusters of lymphocytes distributed in the lining of the small intestine
Peyer’s patches
A minor secondary lymphoid organ that detects substances that diffuse across the intestinal epithelium
Peyer’s patches
A minor secondary lymphoid organ which is the general term for the encapsulated lymphoid tissues present in regions underlying the mucosal areas
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
An organ that can maintain hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells to generate various blood cells (extramedullary hematopoiesis) as a response to infectious agents in pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow
LIVER
Preferred sites for bone marrow aspiration in ADULTS
Posterior and anterior superior iliac crest
Preferred sites for BM aspiration in children (<2 yrs old)
Anterior medial surface of the tibia
Bone marrow collection sites
Posterior and anterior superior iliac crest
Sternum
Anterior medial surface of the tibia
Spinous process of the vertebrae, ribs, or other red marrow-containing bone
Bone marrow smears retention
10 years
In leukemia the M:E ration is
10:1
Normal M:E ration caries from roughly _____ to _____
1.5:1 to 3.3:1
Extramedullary hematopoiesis mainly happens in the ____ and ——
Liver and spleen
Total mass of RBCs circulating in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow RBC precursors
Erythroblasts
Dynamics of RBC creation and destruction
Erythrokineticss
Causes macrocytic and normochromic anemia
Vit B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Causes microcytic and hypochromic anemia
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Iron deficiency
Causes normocytic normochromic anemia
Renal disease
Acute leukemia
Vitamin b12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anemia
These are examples of ?
Ineffective erythropoiesis
Iron deficiency
Renal disease
Acute leukemia
These are examples of ?
Insufficient erythropoiesis
Immature hematopoietic cell that is committed to a cell line but CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED morphologically
Progenitor cells
Immature hematopoietic cell that is morphologically IDENTIFIABLE as belonging to a given cell line
Precursor cells
Earliest marker of erythroid differentiation
CD71
Transferrin receptor
CD71
Transferrin receptor
CD71
RBC survival can be determined by extracting a blood sample, labeling the RBCs with ________,
Chromium-15
Chief stimulatory cytokine for RBCs
EPO
Major hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes
EPO
Thermostable, nondialyzable, glycoprotein hormone
EPO
Primary cell source of EPO
Peritubular insterstitial cell (KIDNEYS)
Primary target cells of EPO
BFU-E
CFU-E