HEMATOPOIESIS & ERYTHROPOIESIS Flashcards
1
Q
Classical marker of hematopoietic stem cells
A
CD4
2
Q
Hematopoiesis considered to start around the ____ after fertilization
A
19th day of the embryonic development
3
Q
This theory suggests that each of the blood cell linages is derived from its OWN UNIQUE stem cell
A
Polyphyletic theory
4
Q
Suggests that each of the blood cells are derived from a SINGLE PROGENITOR stem cell called a PLURIPOTENT stem cell
A
Monophyletic theory
5
Q
Most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists
A
Monophyletic theory
6
Q
3 phases of hematopoiesis
A
Mesoblastic/megaloblastic
Hepatic
Intramedullary/medullary/myeloid
7
Q
Chief site of hematopoiesis in mesoblastic/megaloblastic phase
A
Yolk sac
8
Q
Chief site of hematopoiesis in hepatic phase
A
Fetal liver
9
Q
Chief site of hematopoiesis in intramedullary/medullary/myeloid phase
A
Bone marrow
10
Q
1st blood cells in mesoblastic phase
A
Primitive erythroblasts
11
Q
Important in early embryogenesis to produce hemoglobin (Gower-1, Gower-2 and Portland) necessary for delivery of oxygen to the embryonic tissues
A
Primitive erythroblasts
12
Q
It differs from hematopoiesis that occurs later (fetal and adult stage) in that it occurs intravascularly
A
Yolk sac hematopoiesis
13
Q
Predominant hemoglobin in hepatic phase
A
Fetal hemoglobin Hb F
14
Q
First fully developed organ in the fetus
A
Thymus
15
Q
Major site of T cell production
A
Thymus
16
Q
Produces B cells
A
Kidneys and spleen
17
Q
Hematopoiesis in intramedullary phase starts in the bone marrow cavity before the ____
A
5th month of fetal development
18
Q
This becomes the chief site of hematopoiesis by the end of the 24 weeks gestation
A
Bone marrow
19
Q
Hematopoietic tissues of adult are located NOT ONLY in the bone marrow but also in the ____, ____, ____, and ____
A
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Liver
20
Q
Contains developing erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic
A
Bone marrow
21
Q
Considered to be a primary lymphoid organ with functions equivalent to that of Bursa of Fabricius
A
Bone marrow
22
Q
Process of replacing red marrow by yellow marrow during development
A
Retrogression
23
Q
Between _ and _ years of age, adipocytes become more abundant and start to occupy the spaces in the long bone previously dominated by active marrow
A
5 and 7 years of age
24
Q
Red marrow in the adult are restricted to the
A
Ribs
Sternum, skull, and shoulder blades
Vertebrae
Pelvis and proximal ends of the long bone marrow cavity
25
Has the ability to revert back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow
Yellow marrow
26
Hematopoietically active marrrow
Red marrow
27
Hematopoietic inactive marrow composed primarily of fat cells
Yellow marrow
28
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus
29
Major secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen and lymph nodes
30
T and B lymphocytes are derived from
Primary lymphoid organs
31
Main sites of production of antibodies and the induction of antigen-specific T lymphocytes
Secondary lymphoid organs
32
Trapping and concentration of foreign substances what lymphoid organ
Secondary lymphoid organ
33
Largest of the secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen
34
Major organ in the body in which antibodies are synthesized and from which they are released into the circulation.
Spleen
35
Splenectomy in children often leads to an increased incidence of
Bacterial sepsis caused primarily by S.pneumoniae, N. Meningitis is, and H. Influenzae
36
Effect of splenectomy in adults
Less adverse effect, may also lead to some increase in blood borne bacterial infections or bacteremia
37
An secondary lymphoid organ that is small ovoid, bean shaped structures (normally <1 cm in diameter) found in different areas throughout the body
Lymph nodes
38
Minor secondary lymphoid organs
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
MALT
39
A minor secondary lymphoid organ that detects. And responds to antigens in the respiratory and alimentary secretions
Tonsils
40
Clusters of lymphocytes distributed in the lining of the small intestine
Peyer’s patches
41
A minor secondary lymphoid organ that detects substances that diffuse across the intestinal epithelium
Peyer’s patches
42
A minor secondary lymphoid organ which is the general term for the encapsulated lymphoid tissues present in regions underlying the mucosal areas
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
43
An organ that can maintain hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells to generate various blood cells (extramedullary hematopoiesis) as a response to infectious agents in pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow
LIVER
44
Preferred sites for bone marrow aspiration in ADULTS
Posterior and anterior superior iliac crest
45
Preferred sites for BM aspiration in children (<2 yrs old)
Anterior medial surface of the tibia
46
Bone marrow collection sites
Posterior and anterior superior iliac crest
Sternum
Anterior medial surface of the tibia
Spinous process of the vertebrae, ribs, or other red marrow-containing bone
47
Bone marrow smears retention
10 years
48
In leukemia the M:E ratio is
10:1
49
Normal M:E ratio caries from roughly _____ to _____
1.5:1 to 3.3:1
50
Extramedullary hematopoiesis mainly happens in the ____ and ——
Liver and spleen
51
Total mass of RBCs circulating in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow RBC precursors
Erythron
52
Dynamics of RBC creation and destruction
Erythrokineticss
53
Causes macrocytic and normochromic anemia
Vit B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
54
Causes microcytic and hypochromic anemia
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Iron deficiency
55
Causes normocytic normochromic anemia
Renal disease
Acute leukemia
56
Vitamin b12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anemia
These are examples of ?
Ineffective erythropoiesis
57
Iron deficiency
Renal disease
Acute leukemia
These are examples of ?
Insufficient erythropoiesis
58
Immature hematopoietic cell that is committed to a cell line but CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED morphologically
Progenitor cells
59
Immature hematopoietic cell that is morphologically IDENTIFIABLE as belonging to a given cell line
Precursor cells
60
Earliest marker of erythroid differentiation
CD71
61
Transferrin receptor
CD71
62
RBC survival can be determined by extracting a blood sample, labeling the RBCs with ________,
Chromium-15
63
Chief stimulatory cytokine for RBCs
EPO
64
Major hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes
EPO
65
Thermostable, nondialyzable, glycoprotein hormone
EPO
66
Primary cell source of EPO
Peritubular insterstitial cell (KIDNEYS)
67
Primary target cells of EPO
BFU-E
CFU-E
68
Normally EPOP is released from the kidney into the blood in response to
Hypoxia
69
It has a therapeutic application in anemia in HIV infection to permit use of zidovudine
EPO
70
Some athletes illegally use EPO injections to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of their blood
BLOOD DOPING
71
A hormone produced the pituitary gland that stimulates eythropoiesis
Growth hormone
Prolactin
72
Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis
Growth hormone
Testosterone
Prolactin
73
Produced by the ovaries that inhibits erythropoiesis
Estrogen
74
The earliest committed progenitor
BFU-E
75
The 2 committed ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS
BFU-E
CFU-E
76
Duration of maturation :
from BFU-E to CFU-E
From CFU-E to rubriblast
1 week
77
Duration of maturation : BFU-E to mature erythrocyte
18-21 days
78
Approximately, ___ days are spent as recognizable precursors in the bone marrow
6 days
79
Rubriblastic
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubricyte
Metarubricyte
Reticulocyte
Mature erythrocyte
80
Normoblastic
Pro normoblast
Basophilic normoblast or early normoblast
Polychromatophilic normoblast or intermediate normoblast
Orthochromatic normoblast or late normoblast
Reticulocyte
Mature erythrocyte
81
Erythroblastic Stages of RBC maturation
Pro erythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast or early erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast or intermediate erythroblast
Orthochromatic erythroblast or late erythroblast
Reticulocyte
Mature erythrocyte
82
Supravital stains used for reticulocytes
Brilliant cresyl blue
New methylene blue
83
what are retics called when found in a wrights stained smear
Polychromatophilic erythrocytes
Diffusely basophilic erythrocytes
84
A morphologic feature used to identify and stage RBC and WBC precursors
N:C ratio
85
Nucleus is round or slightly oval, thin nuclear membrane, central or slightly eccentric
Rubriblast
86
Cytoplasm is small in amount, dark blue
Rubriblast
87
N:C ratio of rubriblast
4:1 or. 8:1
88
Rubriblast gives rise to how many prorubricyte
2 prorubricytes
89
Nucleoli of rubriblast
1-2
90
Nucleolus of prorubricyte
0-1
91
Cytoplasm is Deeper richer blue and appears more abundant than in normoblast because of smaller nucleus
Prorubricyte
92
N:C ratio of prorubricyte
4:1
93
The prorubricyte give rise to how many rubricyte
4
94
Most helpful criteria in distinguishing the prorubricyte from rubriblast
Coarser chromatin
Absence of nucleoli
95
Last stage with a nucleolus
1st stage of hemoglobin synthesis
Prorubricyte
96
No nucleus with gray cytoplasm
Rubricyte
97
Rubricyte N:C ratio
1:1
98
Each of these Rubricytes gives rise to how many metarubricyte
2
99
Last stage capable of mitosis
Rubricyte
100
1st stage in which cytoplasm is pink
Rubricyte
101
Checkerboard nucleus
Rubricyte
102
Muddy gray cytoplasm
Rubricyte
103
Crushed velvet nucleus
Lymphocytes
104
Sky blue or robin egg cytoplasm
Lymphocyte
105
N:C ratio of metarubricyte
1:2
106
Nucleus is extruded at this stage and the cell becomes a Reticulocyte
Metarubricyte
107
Also called as nucleated rbcs, pyknotic erythroblast, acidophilic normoblast
Metarubricyte
108
Last stage with a nucleus
Metarubricyte
109
Enveloped extruded nucleus
Pyrenocyte
110
Engulfed by bone marrow macrophages
Pyrenocyte
111
Frequently, small fragments of the nucleus are left behind if the projection is pinched off before the entire nucleus is enveloped
Pyrenocyte
112
Fragments seen in RBC in circulation (Pyrenocyte)
Howell-Jolly bodies
113
Howell jolly bodies are typically removed form the RBCs by the splenic macrophage _______ once they the circulation
Pitting process
114
Predominant color of cytoplasm of Reticulocyte is that of _________ but with bluish tinge because of some ____ and ____
hemoglobin ; residual ribosomes & RNA
115
By the end of this stage, the cell is salmon pink
Retics
116
Last stage of hemoglobin synthesis
Retics
117
Retics spend how many days in the bone marrow
2-3 days
118
How many days do retics stay in the peripheral blood before maturing into rbc
1 day
119
Shape of retics in electron micrograph
Irregular
120
Rbc cytoplasm is salmon pink with central pallor occupying ___ of the cells diameter
1/3
121
Rbc thickness
1.5 to 2.5 micrometer
122
Number of erythrocytes produced from each rubriblast
8-32
123
Normal ratio of rbcs to WBCs is
600:1
124
Normal ratio of rbcs to plts
15:1
125
Rbc membrane constituents
8% Cho
49 % lipids
52% proteins
126
Channel ions, water, and glucose and anchor cell membrane receptors
Transmembrane proteins
127
Also provide the vertical support connecting the lipid bilayer to the underlying cytoskeleton to maintain membrane integrity
Transmembrane protein
128
A transmembrane protein that transports water
Aquaporin-1
129
Transmembrane protein that transports anion, supports ABH antigens
Band 3
130
Calcium ion transporter
Ca2+ ATPase
131
Glucose transporter, supports ABH antigens
Glut-1
132
Transports negatively charged sialic acid, supports determinants
Glycoprotein A
133
Transports negatively charged sialic acid, supports Ss determinants
Glycoprotein B
134
Transports negatively charged sialic acid, supports GerbiCh system determinants
Glycophorin C
135
Integrin adhesion
ICAM-4
136
Zinc binding endopeptidase,
Kell
137
Urea transporter
Kidd
138
D and CcEe antigens
Rh
139
Necessary for expression of D and CcEe antigens ; gas transporter CO2
RhAG
140
Provide the horizontal or the lateral support for the membrane
Skeletal proteins
141
Primary cytoskeletal proteins
Alpha and beta spectrin
142
Caps actin filament
Adducin
143
Anchors band 3 and protein 4.2
Ankyrin
144
Actin bundling protein
Dematin
145
Bind beta spectrin
F-actin
146
Anchors 4.1 complex
Protein 4.1
147
Anchors ankyrin complex
Protein 4.2
148
Caps actin filament
Tropomodulin
149
Regulates actin polymerization
Tropomyosin
150
Defect in proteins that disturb VERTICAL membrane interactions between transmembrane proteins and underlying cytoskeleton; loss of membrane and decreased surface area to volume ratio
Hereditary spherocytosis
151
MCHC of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis
Increased (35 and 38 g/dL)
152
An organ with caustic environment for spherocytes with its low pH, low ATP, and low glucose
Spleen
153
A flow cytometry based test which is sensitive and specific test to confirm the diagnosis of HS
EMA BINDING TEST
154
A flow cytometry based test which is sensitive and specific test to confirm the diagnosis of HS
EMA BINDING TEST
155
Defect in proteins that disrupt the HORIZONTAL linkages in the protein cytoskeleton ; loss of mechanical stability of membrane
Hereditary elliptocytosis
156
Severe defect in spectrin that disrupts HORIZONTAL linkages in protein cytoskeleton ; severe RBC fragmentation
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
157
A rare subtype of hereditary elliptocytosis
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
158
Defect in band 3 causing increased membrane rigidity ;resistant to malaria ; prevalent in some areas of Southeast Asia
Hereditary ovalocytosis
159
Increased membrane permeability to sodium and potassium
Overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
160
Increased intracellular sodium causing influx of water, increase in cell volume, decreased cytoplasmic viscosity
Overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
161
Defecient in Rh-associated protein
Overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
162
Deficient in Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
163
Increased membrane permeability to potassium ; decreased intracellular potassium resulting in loss of water from cell , decreased in cell volume and increased cytoplasmic viscosity
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
164
Rbcs with “puddled” hemoglobin at periphery and desiccated cells with spicules
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
165
Target cells, burr cells, and stomatocytes (<10%) are seen in
Dehydrated hereditary spherocytosis
166
Stomatocytes (5-50%) and macrocytes are seen
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
167
“Hereditary xerocytosis ”
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
168
Most common form of stomatocytosis
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
169
The only autosomal recessive rbc membrane defect
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
170
The only autosomal recessive rbc membrane defect
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
