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HEMATOLOGY 1 > ERYTHROCYTES & ANOMALIES > Flashcards

ERYTHROCYTES & ANOMALIES Flashcards

1
Q

The RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values are _____ in people living a ______

A

Elevated ; higher altitude

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2
Q

Normal rbc count in children

A

4.00 to 5.40 x 10^6/uL or x 10^12/L

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3
Q

Adult male normal rbc count

A

4.60 to 6.00 x 10^6/uL or x 10^12/L

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4
Q

Adult female rbc count normal

A

4.00 to 5.40 x 10^6/uL or x 10^12/L

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5
Q

Glucose penetrates the red blood cell with no energy expenditure via _______(transmembrane protein)

A

Glut-1

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6
Q

This pathway handles 90% of glucose utilization in red blood cells

Non oxidative, anaerobic pathway that produces 2 molecules of ATP

A

EMBDEN MEYERHOF PATHWAY

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7
Q

An autosomal recessive disorder ; most common enzyme deficiency of he EMP and most common form of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

A

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

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8
Q

Possible cells seen in PBS of PK deficiency

A

Acanthocytes, burr cells

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9
Q

Recommended screening test for PK deficiency

A

PK fluorescent spot

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10
Q

Also a screening test for PK deficiency

A

Auto hemolysis test

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11
Q

A confirmatory test for PK deficiency

A

Quantitative PK assay

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12
Q

Pattern of autohemolysis with PK deficiency : it is greatly ______ and glucose has _____

A

INCREASED ; NO EFFECT

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13
Q

These are the three alternate pathways that branch from the glycolytic pathway

A

Glycolysis diversion pathways (Shunt)

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14
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway to phosphogluconate pathway

A

Heroes monophosphate shunt (Aerobic glycolysis)

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15
Q

This pathway prevents the desaturation of the GLOBIN by oxidation

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

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16
Q

Functionally dependent on G6PD

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT

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17
Q

An x-linked recessive disorder ; most common deficiency in the pentose phosphate pathway a

A

G6PD DEFICIENCY

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18
Q

Most common RBC enzyme defect

A

G6PD deficiency

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19
Q

An autosomal recessive disorder in the embden-Meyerhof pathway

A

Pk deficiency

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20
Q

An x-linked recessive disorder in the Hexose monophosphate shunt

A

G6PD deficiency

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21
Q

Cells seen in the PBS of a ptx with G6PD deficiency

A

Heinz bodies and bite cells

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22
Q

Recommended screening test for G6PD deficiency

A

G6PD fluorescent spot test

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23
Q

Also a screening test for G6PD deficiency

A

Autohemolysis test

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24
Q

Confirmatory test for G6PD

A

Quantitative G6PD assay

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25
Q

Chronic type of G6PD , hereditary nonspherocytic henmolytic anemia

A

Type 1

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26
Q

A severe type of G6PD, episodic acute hemolytic anemia associated with infections, certain drugs, and fava beans ; not self limited and may require transfusion during hemolytic episode

A

Type 2

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27
Q

Favism is mostly demonstrated in what type of G6PD deficiency

A

G6PD-Mediterranean

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28
Q

Episodic type of G6PD deficiency, acute hemolytic anemia associated with infections and certain drugs; self limited

A

Type III

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29
Q

G6PD-Serres
G6PD -Madrid

A

Type I

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30
Q

G6PD-Mediterranean
G6PD-Chatham

A

Type II

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31
Q

G6PD-A”
G6PD-Canton

A

Type III

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32
Q

G6PD-B (Wild type)
GPD-A= (May also manifest as class III)

A

Type IV

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33
Q

Most frequently encountered enzymopathies are deficiencies of

A

G6PD and PK

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34
Q

AKA cytochrome B5 reeducase

A

Methemoglobin reductase

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35
Q

For the production of 2,3-BPG

A

Rapoport-Luebering shunt

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36
Q

It binds to the hemoglobin and decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin

A

2,3-BPG

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37
Q

Two variables affecting the degree of association or dissociation between oxygen and hemoglobin

A

Partial pressure of oxygen
Affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

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38
Q

Affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is depended on 5 factors

A

pH
Partial pressure of CO2
Concentration of 2,3-BPG
Temperature
Presence of other hgb species that are nonfunctional

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39
Q

The curve produced when the 2 variables (partial pressure of O2 and affinity of hgb for O2) are plotted in a graph (oxygen saturation of hgb vs partial pressure of O2)

A

Oxygen dissociation curve

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40
Q

OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE: Shift to the left

A

⬆️ pH
⬇️ PCO2
⬇️2,3-BPG
⬇️TEMPERATURE

INCRESEAD AFFINITY

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41
Q

OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE: Shift to the RIGHT

A

⬇️ pH
⬆️ PCO2
⬇️ 2,3-BPG
⬇️ Temperature

Decreased affinity

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42
Q

A shift in the curve due to an alteration in pH

A

Bohr effect

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43
Q

Depict the occurrence by which the binding o2 to the hgb promotes the release of CO2

A

Haldane effect

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44
Q

Increased number of red cells with variation in size

A

Anisocytosis

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45
Q

Sized of RBC usually seen when MCV is 80-100 fL

A

6-8 um

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46
Q

Anisocytosis :

> 8.0 um
100 fl

A

Macrocytosis

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47
Q

Anisocytosis:

<6.0 um
<80 fL

A

Microcytosis

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48
Q

MCV formula

A

HCT/RBC CT X 10

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49
Q

A visual display of cell size (x-axis) and cell friquency is the number of cells (y-axis)

A

Blood cell histogram

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50
Q

Automated hematology analyzers produce histograms for

A

Rbcs, WBCs, and platelets

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51
Q

Automated hematology analyzers produce histograms for

A

Rbcs, WBCs, and platelets

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52
Q

Two parameters calculated from RBC histogram

A

MCV and RDW

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53
Q

If The rbcs are macrocytic, the curve will shift to the

A

Right

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54
Q

If the rbcs are microcytic , the curve will shit to the

A

Left

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55
Q

Shape of the histogram curve

A

Bimodal

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56
Q

Conditions that may cause a bimodal curve

A

Blood transfusion
Cold agglutinin disease
Hemolytic anemia with schistocytes present

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57
Q

Indicates more variation in the size of the cells

A

A wide or flattened curve on histogram

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58
Q

A calculated index given by hematology analyzers to help identify Anisocytosis and provide information about its degree

A

RDW

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59
Q

Based on both of the RBC distribution curve and the mean RBC size

A

RDW-CV

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60
Q

Based on the actual measurement of the width of the RBC distribution curve in fĻ

A

RDW-SD

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61
Q

RDW-CF reference range

A

11.5% to 14.6%

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62
Q

RDW-SD reference range

A

39-46 fL

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63
Q

EARLIEST METHOD provided by the hematology analyzers to measure the red cell variations

A

RDW-CV

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64
Q

Dependent on the width of the distribution curve and the MCV

A

RDW-CV

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65
Q

Width of the curve is measured at the point that is 20% above the baseline

A

RDW-SD

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66
Q

Better and more reliable measure of erythrocyte variability, specifically in highly abnormal conditions

A

RDW-SD

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67
Q

MCV and RDW in microcytic

A

Low MCV and high RDW

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68
Q

RDW Reference range for newborns

A

14.2 to 19.9%

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69
Q

RDW is markedly _____ in newborns but gradually, the value will ____ until it reaches adult levels by _____ (age)

A

Incresead ; decrease ; 6 months of age

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70
Q

RDW and MCV in Anemia of chronic inflammation

A

Low MCV and Normal RDW

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71
Q

MCV and RDW in iron deficiency anemia

A

Low MCV and high RDW

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72
Q

MCV and RDW IN G6PD deficiency

A

Normal MCV and normal RDW

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73
Q

MCV and RDW in sickle cell anemia

A

Normal MCV and high RDW

74
Q

MCV and RDW in liver disease

A

High MCV and Normal RDW

75
Q

MCV and RDW in megaloblastic anemia

A

High MCV High RDW

76
Q

General term for a variation in the normal coloration

A

Anisochromia

77
Q

Normally, RBCs have a central area of pillow approximately ____ the diameter

A

1/3

78
Q

May also mean the occurrence of hypohromic cells and normochromic cells in the same blood smear

A

Anisochromia

79
Q

May be found in Sideroblastic anemias, also in a hypochromic anemia after transfusion with normal cells and some weeks after iron therapy for IDA

A

ANISCHROMIA

80
Q

Central palow >1/3 of diameter

A

Hypochromic

81
Q

Grading : central pallor 1/2

A

1+

82
Q

Grading : central pallor 2/3

A

2+

83
Q

Grading : central pallor 3/4

A

3+

84
Q

Grading : 4+

A

Thin rim of hemoglobin

85
Q

Anulocyte is also known as

A

Pessary cell, ghost cell

86
Q

Rbc with a thin rim of hemoglobin and a large, clear center ; may be observed in IDA

A

Anulocyte

87
Q

RBCs that lack central pallor even through they lie in desirable area for evaluation

A

Hyperchromic cells

88
Q

Basically the only disease in which MCHC is high

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

89
Q

3 clinical manifestations of Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Splenomegaly
Anemia
Jaundice

90
Q

Immune disorders with spherocytes result on the DAT

A

POSITIVE

91
Q

TEST INCREASED IN HEREDITARY SPHEROCHYTOSIS

A

MCHC (slightly)
AUTOHEMOLYSIS (greatly)
OFT (

92
Q

Result of fluorescence in EMA binding test for HS

A

Low

93
Q

Larger than normal red cell with bluish tinge in wright stain

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes

94
Q

Bluish tinge in retics is caused by the presence of

A

Residual RNA

95
Q

POLYCHROMASIA GRADING: 1%

A

Slight

96
Q

POLYCHROMASIA GRADING: 3%

A

1+

97
Q

POLYCHROMASIA GRADING: 5%

A

2+

98
Q

POLYCHROMASIA GRADING: 10%

A

3+

99
Q

POLYCHROMASIA GRADING: >11%

A

4+

100
Q

Increased number of red cells with variation in SHAPE

A

POIKILOCYTES

101
Q

Almost spherical in shape ; lacks central pallor

A

Spherocytes

102
Q

Appearance of rbc in the feathered edge

A

Lack central pallor

103
Q

It can also result to spherocytosis red cells

A

Natural cell death

104
Q

Aka “mouth cell”

A

Stomatocytes

105
Q

Elongated rbcs with a slit like central pallor

A

Stomatocytes

106
Q

Rh deficiency , alcoholism, severe liver disease, Overhydrated and DEHYDRATED hereditary ____

A

Stomatocytes

107
Q

A dehydrated form of a stomatocyte

A

Xerocyte

108
Q

Appears to have puddled at one end (half-light, half dark)

A

Xerocyte

109
Q

Aka “thorn cell or spur cell”

A

Acanthocytes

110
Q

Rbcs with irregularly SPICULATED surface

A

Acanthocytes

111
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is associated with what type of red cells shape

A

Acanthocytes

112
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is also known as

A

Basset-kornzweig syndrome or hereditary acanthocytosis

113
Q

Characterized by defective apo B synthesis ; VLDL, LDL, and chylomicron not found in plasma

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

114
Q

Cells seen McLeo syndrome and PK deficiency

A

Acanthocytes

115
Q

Aka “echinocytes”

A

Burr cell

116
Q

RBs with REGULAR SPICULES

A

Burr cell

117
Q

Rbc seen in uremia and PK deficiency

A

Burr cell/ echinocyte

118
Q

Cigar shaped rbc

A

Elliptocyte

119
Q

Thalassemia is associated with what rbc

A

Elliptocyte

120
Q

Aka “Mediterranean anemia, hereditary leptocytosis”

A

Thalassemia

121
Q

Aka “teardrop cell”

A

Dacryocyte

122
Q

Pear shaped rbc

A

Dacryocte

123
Q

Rbc seen in primary myelofibrosis and megaloblastic anemia

A

Dacryocyte

124
Q

Aka “schizocytes”

A

Schistocytes

125
Q

Fragmented rbcs

A

Schistocyte

126
Q

MAHAs are associated with what rbc shape

A

Schistocytes (helmet cells)

127
Q

Group of disorders characterized by RBC fragmentation and thrombocytopenia

A

MAHAs

128
Q

Major MAHAs

A

Thrombocytopenia purpura
HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low plt ct
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Dessimenated intravascular hemolysis

129
Q

Characterized by narrowing obstruction of small blood vessels by fibrin or platelet aggregates resulting in rbc fragmentation

A

MAHAs

130
Q

Also known as defibrination syndrome, consumption coagulopathy

A

DIC

131
Q

Generalized over-activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems

A

DIC

132
Q

TESTS for DIC

A

D-diner
Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2

133
Q

Related conditions to DIC

A

TISSUE TRAUMA
OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS
MUCUS-SECRETING TUMORS
ACUTE INFECTIONS
SNAKE BITES
ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

134
Q

AKA sickle cell ; meniscocyte

A

Drepanocyte

135
Q

Two forms of drepanocytes

A

Irreversible sickle cell
Oat shaped cells

136
Q

Crescent shaped ; with long projection ; when deoxygenated they fragment

A

Irreversible sickle cell

137
Q

Have less pronounced projections ; when reoxygenated they return to the original biconcave disks

A

Oat shaped cells

138
Q

Aka codocyte, platycyte, Greek helmet cell, Mexican hat cell, bull’s eye cell, leptocyte

A

Target cell

139
Q

Rbc seen in LCAT deficiency

A

Target cell

140
Q

Rbcs with an increased cell membrane-to-volume ratio

A

Codocytes

141
Q

In vivo and on electro microscopy, these cells appear bell shaped

A

CODOCYTES

142
Q

AKA DEGMACYTE

A

BITE CELL

143
Q

Demonstrate a semicircular defect in their edge (resembles a bite mark)

A

Bite cell

144
Q

Heinz bodies are seen in this rbc

A

Bite cell

145
Q

Rbcs seen in G6PD deficiency

A

Bite cell

146
Q

Folded rbcs

A

Biscuit cell

147
Q

Bipolar or central distribution of hgb

A

Bronze Elliptocyte

148
Q

As large a leukocytes ; pale pink staining ghost of the red cell

A

Semilunar body

149
Q

Frequently seen in malaria and other conditions causing overt hemolysis

A

Semilunar bodies

150
Q

Aka punctuate basophilia

A

Basophilic stippling

151
Q

Associated with lead poisoning , megaloblastic anemia, arsenic poisoning , pyrimidine-5 nucleotidase deficiency, thalassemia

A

Basophilic stippling

152
Q

A basophilic stippling in which PLUMBISM may be observed , megaloblastic anemia , impaired Hb synthesis

A

Coarse stippling

153
Q

Aka papenheimer bodies

A

Siderotic granules

154
Q

Iron stains like Perl’s reagent through Prussian blue reaction stains what

A

Siderotic granules

155
Q

New methylene and wrights stains stain what rbc inclusion

A

Papenheimer bodies

156
Q

Characterized by a DIMORPHIC peripheral blood picture and hypochromic RBCs in the same blood smear

A

Sideroblastic Anemia

157
Q

Described as multiple dark blue irregular granules in Prussian blue iron staining

A

Siderotic granules

158
Q

Described as pale blue clusters in wrights staining

A

Siderotic granules

159
Q

Frequently appears single in a cell usually round <1 um diameter blue to purple in color

A

Howell Jolly bodies

160
Q

Remnants of nuclear chromatin (DNA)

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

161
Q

Fuelgen reaction of Howell jolly bodies

A

Positive

162
Q

Described as threadlike structures that appear as purple blue loops or rings

A

Cabot rings

163
Q

Mitotic spindle Remnants

A

Cabot rings

164
Q

Most of the time appear eccentrically along the inner RBC membrane large. Round blue to purple materials

A

Heinz bodies

165
Q

Denatured and precipitated hemoglobin

A

Heinz bodies

166
Q

Supravital stains used for staining Heinz bodies

A

Brilliant cresyl blue
New methylene blue
Methyl blue
Crystal violet

167
Q

Inclusion bodies seen in G6PD deficiency (FAVISM), Drug induced hemolytic anemia

A

Heinz bodies

168
Q

Described as SMALL , multiple, evenly distributed throughout the red cell, granular, GREENISH BLUE bodies

A

He H inclusion bodies e

169
Q

An abnormal Hb composed of 4 beta globin chains

A

Hemoglobin H

170
Q

A subtype of alpha thalassemia

A

Hb H disease

171
Q

Schuffner dots is seen what protozoan

A

Malaria

172
Q

Aka eosinophilia stippling

A

Schuffner dots

173
Q

“Maltese cross”

A

Babesia spp.

174
Q

Caused by a serum protein abnormality either increased globulin or fibrinogen

A

Rouleaux formation

175
Q

Many be observed in multiple myeloma

A

Rouleaux

176
Q

These are graded as POSITIVE ONLY

A

Sickle cells
Basophilic stippling
Papenheimer bodies
Howell Jolly bodies

177
Q

Erythrocyte morphology grading : Slightly increased or few

A

1+

178
Q

Erythrocyte morphology grading : moderately increased

A

2+

179
Q

Erythrocyte morphology grading : Many

A

3+

180
Q

Erythrocyte morphology grading : marked or marked increase

A

4+

HEMATOLOGY 1 (8 decks)

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