Hematopoiesis Flashcards
Hematopoietic tissues
Fetus- yolk sac, spleen, liver, some bone marrow.
After Birth- Red Bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
Hematopoietic tissues
Fetus- yolk sac, spleen, liver, some bone marrow.
After Birth- Red Bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
RBC blood concentration
41-53% Males, 36-46% Female
WBC and platelets blood concentration
1% of blood volume
Plasma blood volume
49-64% of blood volume
Erythrocytes
biconcave disks (creates large surface area for transport), anucleate, lack many organelles, flexible, 7.5 microns diameter
Macrocytes
> 9 micron diameter, occur with folic acid deficiency (folic acid is needed for cell division)
Microcytes
Reticulocyte
immature RBCs, 1-2% of RBCs, have residual ribosomal RNA (stains blue)
RBC life span
live about 120 days then are phagocytized in liver and spleen
Band neutrophils
2-5% of neutrophils are band neutrophils, immature granulocytes, which when elevated in the blood can indicate infection. Bands are in the development stage following a metamyelocyte and have a
curved, elongated nucleus.
RBC blood concentration
41-53% Males, 36-46% Female
Colony forming cell
“Colony forming Unit”- a unit that is used to estimate the number of viable cells in a sample.
Macrocytes
> 9 micron diameter, occur with folic acid deficiency (folic acid is needed for cell division)
Microcytes
Reticulocyte
immature RBCs, 1-2% of RBCs, have residual ribosomal RNA (stains blue)
RBC life span
live about 120 days then are phagocytized in liver and spleen
Band neutrophils
2-5% of neutrophils are band neutrophils, immature granulocytes, which when elevated in the blood can indicate infection. Bands are in the development stage following a metamyelocyte and have a
curved, elongated nucleus.
Pleuripotential stem cells, “True stem cells”
potential to differentiate to almost any cell type in the body
capable of self renewal, low mitotic activity.
Few stem cells in Bone Marrow and fewer in blood.
High potentiality and self renewal capacity.
Not susceptible to growth factors.
Multipotential stem cells
Have the ability to differentiate into many cell types, but are more limited than pluripotential.
Progenitor cells
Able to differentiate into a specific cell type, but is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. Mono or bipotential. High mitotic activity. Self renewing. Common in marrow or lymphoid organs. Influenced by growth factors.
Precursor cell
Have the ability to differentiate into one cell type, mono- potential, begin to look morphologically different
High mitotic activity
not self renewing
affected by growth factors.
Colony forming cell
“Colony forming Unit”- a unit that is used to estimate the number of viable cells in a sample.
Plasma proteins
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin
Serum
plasma from which the blood cells & fibrinogen has been separated in the process of clotting. “straw-colored”; contains factors released by platelets, but does not include clotting factors, platelets, or cells
Plasma
liquid extracellular component, ~55% of blood volume. 90% water, 7% protein, 0.9% inorganic ions
Erythropoiesis
- Decrease cell size
- Increase condensed chromatin
- Decrease nuclear size, nucleus extruded
- Decrease mRNA, Increase hemoglobin
Granulopoiesis
- Decrease cell size
- Increase condensed chromatin
- Nucleus shape changes
- Granules form
Erythropoietin
- O2 decreases in blood
- Kidneys increase EPO
- EPO increases erythropoiesis
Immunocompetent cell
cell able to mount an immune response
Humoral immunity
Activation of B lymphocytes (Synthesize antibodies)
Cellular immunity
Involves phagocytes, cytokines, and t-cells (NOT ANTIBODIES)
Memory cells
Activated B lymphocytes that respond more rapidly and efficiently to additional encounters with identical or related antigenic substances
Antigen-presenting cell
cell that displays foreign substance on it’s surface. Dendritic cell, B cell and macrophages
Central and peripheral lymphoid organs
Central (aka primary) are bone marrow and thymus. Peripheral (aka secondary)- lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, peyer’s patches, MALT
Waldeyer’s ring
pharyngeal, palatine, lingual tonsils = form circle at entrance of gut and airway
Peyer’s patches
secondary lymph organ, located in small intestine
Immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody
large Y shaped protein produced by plasma cells that is used by immune system to ID and neutralize pathogens
Innate (natural) immunity
Present from birth, nonspecific in it’s activity(skin epithelial surfaces are first defense of this immunity)
Adaptive (acquired, learned) immunity
Aquired through contact with specific pathogens during our lifetime. Protects againt re-infection
Primary lymphoid tissue
Where lymphocytes are formed and matured
Secondary lymphoid tissue
Where adaptive immune responses are initiated, filter lymph in the periphery
Tonsils
3 tonsils. Partially encapsulated with connective tissue, Made of lymphoid tissue. Form a circle at entrance of gut and airway and if full of lymphocytes to detect what is coming into the body.
Spleen
Filters blood to remove damaged cells. Activates immune response to microbes in blood.
Lymphoid follicles
Organized for activation of B cells. Mostly B cells, some helper T cells and follicular dendritic cells (to help with activation of second response)
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
Diffuse lymphoid tissue with scattered T and B lymphocytes. Monitor periphery: Gut Associated (GALT) Bronchi Associated (BALT) Conjuctiva Associated (CALT)
Pharyngeal tonsils
roof of pharynx, respiratory, no crypts, 1st defense in ingested/inhaled pathogen
Palatine tonsils
sides of oropharynx, non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium w/ crypts, immunity
Lingual tonsils
behind tongue, non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium w/ crypts, immunity
