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Hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

This is a continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.

A

Hematopoesis

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2
Q

Hematopoesis is the continuous, regulated process of blood cell production that includes _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

Cell Renewal
Proliferation
Differentiation
Maturation

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3
Q

This stage begins around the 19th day of embryonic development after fertilization.

A

Mesoblastic Phase

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4
Q

Mesoblastic Phase is also known as _____ or _____

A

Primitive Hematopoesis
Yolk Sac Phase

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5
Q

It is the first recognizable cell.

A

Erythroblast or the Primitive Erythrocytes

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6
Q

It is the chief site in the Mesoblastic Phase.

A

Yolk Sac

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7
Q

These are Embreyonic Hemoglobin found in Mesoblastic Stage:

A

Gower-1
Gower-2
Portland

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8
Q

Globin Chain Combination of Gower-1:

A

2 epsilon
2 zeta

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9
Q

Globin Chain Combination of Gower-2:

A

2 alpha
2 epsilon

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10
Q

Globin Chain Combination of Portland:

A

2 zeta
2 gamma

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11
Q

This phase begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks.

A

Hepatic Phase

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12
Q

Hepatic Phase is also known as _____.

A

Definitive Hematopoesis

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13
Q

True or False

The Hepatic Phase have Embryonic Hemoglobin.

A

False

The Hepatic Phase does not have Embryonic Hemoglobin.

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14
Q

It is the chief site under the Hepatic Phase

A

Liver

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15
Q

When was the Hepatic Phase Starts and End?

A

Start: 11 weeks of age of gestation
End: 6th month of age of gestation

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16
Q

Organs that contribute to the Hematopoeitic Process under the Hepatic Stage:

A

Developing Spleen
Developing Kidney
Developing Thymus
Developing Lymph nodes

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17
Q

This is the first fully developed organ in the fetus.

A

Thymus

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18
Q

It is the major site of T Cell Production.

A

Thymus

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19
Q

Organs that produce B Cells:

A

Kidney
Spleen

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20
Q

What Hemoglobin are present in the Hepatic Phase?

A

Hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin A

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21
Q

Globin Chain Combination of Hemoglobin F:

A

2 alpha
2 gamma

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22
Q

Globin Chain Combination of Hemoglobin A:

A

2 alpha
2 beta

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23
Q

Globin Chain Combination of Hemoglobin A2:

A

2 alpha
2 delta

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24
Q

This phase begins on the 5th month of fetal development.

A

Medullary (Myeloid) Phase

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25
Q

Myeloid-to-Erythroid Ratio:

A

3:1

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26
Q

Chief site of the Medullary (Myeloid) Phase:

A

Bone Marrow

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27
Q

In adults, Hematopoetic tissue is located in the:

A

Bone Marrow
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Liver
Thymus

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28
Q

What can be detected under the Medullary (Myeloid) Phase?

A

Erythropoeitin (EPO)
G-CSF
GM-CSF
Hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin A

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29
Q

The bone marrow contains developing _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

Erythroid Cells
Myeloid Cells
Megakaryocytic Cells
Lymphoid Cells

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30
Q

Lymphoid development occurs in _____ and _____.

A

Primary Lymphoid Tissue
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

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31
Q

Identify based on the given information:

  • Bone Marrow
  • Where the Thymus, T, and B Lymphocytes are derived
A

Primary Lymphoid Tissue

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32
Q

Identify based on the given information:

  • Where Lymphoid Cells respond to foreign antigen, consists of Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue
A

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

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33
Q

Fill in the blanks:

In the Postnatal Development, the Hematopoeitic Tissue is involved in the _____ and _____ of blood cells.

A

Proliferation
Maturation

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34
Q

Organs involved in the Postnatal Development:

A

Bone Marrow
Liver
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Thymus

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35
Q

Largest organs in the body.

A

Bone Marrow

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36
Q

Major function of the Bone Marrow:

A

Proliferation and Production of blood cells.

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37
Q

Two Major Components of the Bone Marrow:

A

Red Marrow
Yellow Marrow

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38
Q

Hematopoietically active marrow consisting of the developing blood cells and their progenitors (flat bones of the skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs ,vertebrae and pelvis).

A

Red Marrow

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39
Q

4 Main Functions of the Red Bone Marrow:

A

Production of blood cells
Destruction of erythrocytes
Iron storage (from Hb breakdown)
Central organ for B Lymphocyte development

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40
Q

Hematopoietically inactive marrow composed primarily of adipocytes and (fat cells), with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages.

A

Yellow Marrow

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41
Q

The process replacing the Yellow Marrow by the Red Marrow.

A

Reprogression

42
Q

Reprogression happens during:

A

Injury
Profuse bleeding

43
Q

When does the Yellow Marrow become abundant?

A

During 5 to 7 years of age

44
Q

Plays an important role in stem cell differentiation and proliferation.

A

Hematopoetic Microenvironment

45
Q

It is responsible for supplying semifluid matrix (stroma) that serves as an anchor for the developing hematopoietic cells.

A

Hematopoetic Microenvironment

46
Q

Composition of Stroma:

A
  1. Endothelial Cells
  2. Adipocytes
  3. Macrophages
  4. Osteoblasts
  5. Osteoclasts
  6. Reticular Cells
47
Q

Regulate the flow of particles entering and leaving hematopoietic spaces.

A

Endothelial Cells

48
Q

Secrete various steroids that influence erythropoiesis and maintain bone integrity and regulates the volume of marrow.

A

Adipocytes

49
Q

Function in phagocytosis and secretion of various cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis.

A

Macrophages

50
Q

These are bone-forming cells – water bug or comet appearance (plasma cell).

A

Osteoblasts

51
Q

Bone resorbing cells or destroying cells.

A

Osteoclasts

52
Q

Supports the vascular sinuses and hematopoietic cells.

A

Reticular Cells (Fibroblasts)

53
Q

Composition of Extracellular Matrix of Bone Marrow:

A
  1. Proteoglycans/Glycoaminoglycans
  2. Fibronectin
  3. Collagen
  4. Laminin
  5. Hemonectin
  6. Thrombospondin
54
Q

It is the major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.

55
Q

Functions of the Liver:

A
  1. Protein synthesis and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
  2. Drug and toxin clearance
  3. Iron recycling and storage
  4. Hemoglobin degredation
  5. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
56
Q

The largest lymphoid organ in the body.

57
Q

Location of the Spleen:

A

Located directly beneath the diaphragm behind the fundus of the stomach in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.

58
Q

True or False

Spleen is vital but not essential for life.

A

True

Spleen is vital but not essential for life.

59
Q

Functions of Spleen:

A
  1. Indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood
  2. Serves as a storage site for platelets
60
Q

3 Regions of the Spleen:

A

White Pulp
Red Pulp
Marginal Zone

61
Q

Identify based on the provided information:

Consists of scattered follicles with germinal centers containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

A

White Pulp

62
Q

Identify based on the provided information:

Composed primarily of vascular sinusoids and sinuses separated.

63
Q

Identify based on the provided information:

Surrounds the white pulp and forms a reticular meshwork containing blood vessels, macrophages, and specialized B cells.

A

Marginal Zone

64
Q

Two methods for removing senescent or abnormal RBCs from the circulation:

A

Culling
Pitting

65
Q

Identify based on the provided information:

Cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles.

66
Q

Identify based on the provided information:

Splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs.

67
Q

Functions of the Lymph Nodes:

A
  1. Play a role on the formation of new lymphocytes from germinal centers
  2. Involved in the processing of specific Ig
  3. Involved in the filtration of particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the Lymph Node via Lymph
68
Q

Regions of the Lymph Nodes:

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Paracortex
69
Q

Identify based on the given information:

  • Outer region
  • Contains follicles of B Cells
  • Proliferation termed germinal centers
70
Q

Identify based on the given information:

  • Inner region
  • Consists primarily of lymphocytes and plasma cells
71
Q

Identify based on the given information:

  • Region between the cortex and the medulla
  • Contain predominantly T Cells and numerous macrophage
A

Paracortex

72
Q

An organ that originates from endodermal and mesenchymal tissues.

73
Q

Populated initially by lymphocytes from the yolk sac and the liver.

74
Q

An efficient, well-developed organ at birth that consist of two lobules each measuring 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter.

75
Q

The organ responsible in the conditioning of T
Lymphocytes.

76
Q

3 Possible Activities of the Hematopoetic Stem Cells:

A
  1. Self-renewal
  2. Differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
77
Q

It is the programmed cell death. A normal physiologic process that eliminates unwanted, abnormal, or harmful cells.

78
Q

Stem Cell Theories:

A
  1. Monophyletic Theory
  2. Polyphyletic Theory
79
Q

Suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called PLURIPOTENT HSC.

A

Monophylectic Theory

80
Q

Fill in the blank:

Monophylectic Theory suggests that all blood cells derived from a single progenitor stem cell called _____.

A

Pluripotent HSC

81
Q

Suggests that each of the blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.

A

Polyphyletic Theory

82
Q

3 Main Hematopoetic Growth Factors:

A
  1. Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
  2. Erythropoetin (EPO)
  3. Thrombopoetin (TPO)
83
Q

A pan myeloid growth factor that stimulates granu, - mono, megakaryocyte, and eosinophil progenitors.

84
Q

Source of GM-CSF:

A

Fibroblast, T Cells, and Endothelial Cells

85
Q

Stimulates granulocytes production and functional activation.

86
Q

Source of G-CSF:

A

Monocytes and Fibroblast

87
Q

Stimulates monocytes and macrophages production activity.

88
Q

Source of M-CSF:

A

Monocytes, Fibroblast, and Endothelial Cells

89
Q

The source of this growth factor are Monocyte, Fibroblast, and Megakaryocytes.

90
Q

Stimulates proliferation, growth, and differentiation of erythroid precursors and may have minor effects on megakaryocytes.

A

Erythropoetin (EPO)

91
Q

Target Cells of Erythropoetin (EPO) are:

A

Pronormoblast
CFU-Erythroid Cells

92
Q

Source of Erythropoetin (EPO):

93
Q

Stimulus of Erythropoetin (EPO):

A

Tissue Hypoxia

94
Q

Regulates production platelets.

A

Thrombopoeitin (TPO)

95
Q

Source of Thrombopoeitin (TPO):

96
Q

The entry of mature blood cells into the intravascular space relies upon:

A
  1. Multiplication of developing cells
  2. Gradual maturation
  3. Orderly release of cell from bone marrow
97
Q

A group of specific glycoproteins called growth factors that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.

98
Q

Cytokines includes:

A

Interleukins
Lymphokines
Monokines
Interferons
Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
Chemokines

99
Q

Positive Influence of Cytokines:

A

IL-1
IL-3
IL-6
IL-9
IL-11
GM-CSE
Kit Ligand

100
Q

Negative Influence of Cytokines:

A
  1. Transforming Growth Factor-β
  2. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
  3. Interferons

Hematology Lecture (6 decks)

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