Hematology lab Flashcards
Types of blood cells (3)
- Leukocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Thrombocytes
RBC functions
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
WBC general functions
Combat infections and invading organisms
Platelets functions
Prevent blood loss
Red blood cells normal values for males and females
Males: 5.4 +/- .8 million per cubic millimeter
Females: 4.8 +/- .6 million per cubic millimeter
White blood cells normal values for males and females
Males: 7,000-9,000 per mm^3
Females: 5,000-7,000 per mm^3
Platelets normal values for males and females
For both males and females: 150,000-400,000 per mm^3, average is 300,000
Which blood cells are not true cells?
RBCs and platelets. Both of these cells lack nuclei and are unable to undergo mitosis to form daughter cells. They are nothing more than “bags” to carry specific chemicals; hemoglobin in the RBC and platelet factor 3 in the platelet.
How much oxygen can be transported in the blood?
If each gram of hemoglobin in the red cells is maximally saturated with oxygen, it can carry about 1.34 ml of O2. In each 100 ml
of blood there is roughly 15 g of Hb, hence around 20 ml of oxygen can be carried in every 100 ml of blood.
Anemia definition
An abnormal decrease in the number of erythrocytes, so that insufficient oxygen is carried to the tissues and they become oxygen starved. There are multiple possible causes
Which factors can cause anemia? (3)
Decreased Hb in each cell, decreased cell size, hemorrhage
Which parts of the blood must be examined to diagnose anemia? (5)
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC count, cell size,
hemoglobin in each cell
Hematocrit definition
The percent volume of whole blood that is occupied by red blood cells.
How is hematocrit determined?
It is determined by centrifuging the blood in special “hematocrit” capillary tubes. The percent of whole blood made up of cells is
determined by the height of the red cell in the tube, compared to the height of the total column of blood.
Hematocrit normal values males
43-49%, average 46%
Hematocrit normal values females
36-45%, average 41%
Hemoglobin normal values males
13.6-17.2, average 15.4 grams/100 ml blood
Hemoglobin normal values females
11.5-15, average 13.3 grams/100 ml blood
An individual is considered anemic at which hemoglobin value?
Less than 10 g/100 ml of blood is usually considered as anemic, but major difficulties seldom develop until a level of 7.5 g/100 ml blood is reached.
Standard curve definition
Shows the amount of light cyanomethemoglobin can absorb compared to the amount of light known concentrations of hemoglobin can absorb. Transmittance is plotted on the graph with known samples to determine Hb concentration.
Normal blood volume males
79 ml blood per kilogram body +/- 10%
Normal blood volume females
65 ml blood per kilogram body weight +/- 10%
Neutrophilic leukopenia can be caused by (3)
Protozoan infections, malnutrition, aplastic anemia
Neutrophilic leukocytosis can be caused by (3)
Strenuous exercise, rheumatic fever, severe burns
Lymphocytosis can be caused by (3)
Mumps, German measles, whooping cough
Eosinophilia can be caused by (3)
Scarlet fever, parasitic infections, allergic reactions
Monocytosis can be caused by
Chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis and leukemia
Lymphocytopenia can be caused by
Administration of glucocorticoid drugs
Granulocytes (3)
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Agranulocytes (2)
- Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes (large and small)
Neutrophils
65% of total WBC in humans. Multi-lobed purple (three or more) nucleus, small pink cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophils
2-4% of total WBC in humans. Bilobed blue-purple nucleus, coarse red-orange cytoplasmic granules
Basophils
.5% of total WBC in humans. Bilobed, black nucleus that is usually completely obscured by large, deep-blue or reddish-purple cytoplasmic granules
Small lymphocytes
20-25% of total WBC in humans. Very large nucleus that is dark purple and spherical. The nucleus is surrounded by a thin cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is light blue and nongranular.
Large lymphocytes
3% of total WBC in humans. Large nucleus that is dark purple, oval, and indented. Light blue nongranular cytoplasm
Monocytes
3-7% of total WBC in humans. Large nucleus that can be blue or purple and is deeply indented (horseshoe shaped). Light blue-gray cytoplasm (nongranular).
Functions of blood (3)
- Transport- oxygen, waste, hormones
- Regulation- body temperature, pH, blood volume
- Protection- against blood loss and infection
Plasma makes up what percentage of the blood?
55%
Formed elements make up what percentage of the blood?
45%
