Chapter 21- Immunity Flashcards
Immunity
The ability of the body to defend itself against “unfamiliar” microorganisms. Has a basis in the lymphatic system- a lot of WBCs stay there but can leave to provide immune functions
What do WBCs use to identify self vs non-self cells?
Antigens
2 intrinsic systems of immunity
- Innate defenses
2. Adaptive defenses- adapt to new pathogens as we are introduced to them
Non specific immunity
cells or chemicals involved are looking for a pathogen in general, not a specific type
Innate defenses
Nonspecific defense mechanism that is able to be initiated very quickly in the body. Exposure to pathogen not necessary for body defense to occur. Consists of physical barriers and certain cells that initially encounter pathogens- primarily responsible for preventing bacteria, viruses, etc. from entering the body
2 lines of defense for innate defenses
- Surface barriers
2. Cells and chemicals- antimicrobial proteins, macrophages, etc.
Surface barriers definition
Physically prevent pathogens from entering the body, first line of defense.
Types of surface barriers (2)
- Skin
2. Mucous membranes
What 2 characteristics of skin allow it to act as a surface barrier?
- Keratin
2. Acid mantle
Keratin
Tough protein resistant to weak acids, weak bases, bacterial enzymes- allows skin to be both tough and dry. If nowhere for bacteria to go, it will die on the skin unless it’s transferred to something else
Acid mantle of the skin
Sweat and sebum on skin surface are slightly acidic. Bactericidal in nature- inhibits bacterial growth
Mucous membranes definition
Line all body cavities that open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts).
Characteristics that can be found on some mucous membranes (6)
- Mucus
- Nasal hairs
- Cilia
- Acid mantle
- Tears and saliva
- Urine
Mucus immune function
Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts
Nasal hairs immune function
Trap microorganisms in nasal cavity
Cilia immune function
Takes mucus (with trapped microorganisms) and propels it away from nasal cavity and respiratory tract
Acid mantle immune function (mucous membranes)
Stomach- secretes very acidic gastric juices, pH 2-3
Vagina- acidic nature prevents bacterial and fungal growth in reproductive tract
Tears and saliva immune function
Cleanses eyes and mouth- contains lysozyme digestive protein that destroys bacteria
Urine immune function
Acidic in nature, physically removes bacteria during urination
What is the purpose of cellular and chemical innate defenses?
Used when surface barriers are breached as a second line of defense. Skin and mucous membranes can suffer physical damage- allows microorganisms an entry point. Several different types of cells and chemicals are the back up to the surface barriers
Pattern recognition receptors
Non-specific proteins found on cells of the innate immune system. They can recognize potentially harmful substances by presence of a molecule with a certain shape found on a pathogen, but not normal human cells. When it encounters a protein that doesn’t belong, you have an immune response.
Cells of innate defense (2)
- Natural killer cells
2. Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Target cancerous cells and virus infected cells. Non specific- will recognize/destroy a wide range of cancerous and virus infected cells. Therefore, NK cells do not need to recognize a specific antigen before destroying the cell- act against the cell itself. Do not phagocytize- directly contact target cell, induces apoptosis (programmed cell death). They releases protein perforin, which creates pores in the membrane of the cell, then release proteases and other chemicals
What is the difference between apoptosis and cellular lysis?
Lysis- when a cell is so full it bursts. Apoptosis is shutting down a cell