Chapter 24- Metabolism Flashcards
Nutrients definition
Any substance the body uses for growth, repair, maintenance
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins- make up most of our diet
Micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals- only required in minute amounts
Sources of carbohydrates in the diet
Mostly plants, but also dairy (lactose) and meats (glycogen)
Uses of carbohydrates (3)
- ATP production by body- monosaccharide molecule glucose used
- Nucleic acid synthesis with pentose sugars
- Glycocalyx formation
How much carbohydrates are recommended?
Recommended- 45-60% of daily caloric intake
Complex carbohydrates
Grains and plant based sources that are unprocessed, nutrient rich
Empty carbohydrates
Processed sugars (soda, candy, etc) offers little nutritional value
Types of lipids (2)
- Triglycerides
2. Cholesterol
Types of triglycerides (2)
- Saturated
2. Unsaturated
Where are saturated triglycerides found?
meat, dairy, margarine, etc
Where are unsaturated triglycerides found?
nuts, seeds, olive oil, etc
Where is cholesterol found?
85% produced by the liver regardless of lipid intake. Remaining 15% comes from meat, eggs, dairy, etc
Uses of lipids (4)
- Used to build adipose tissue
- Phospholipids used for cell membranes
- Bile salt, steroid hormones, and other molecule construction
- Absorbing fat soluble vitamins
Functions of adipose tissue (2)
- Insulating, retains body heat- found around internal organs
- A concentrated energy source the body can rely on if you haven’t eaten.
Steroid hormones
Testosterone and estrogen
How much lipids are recommended?
Recommended 20-35% total daily intake
Why should saturated fat and cholesterol intake be limited?
Fats stick to inside of blood vessels, builds up and causes atherosclerosis, forcing the heart to work harder. If it happens in coronary blood vessels, can cause a heart attack
Sources of protein (2)
- Complete proteins- meet all the body’s amino acid requirements
- Incomplete proteins- are short 1 or more amino acid
Where are complete proteins found? (4)
egg, meat, dairy, fish
Where are incomplete proteins found? (3)
seeds, nuts, legumes. Exception- soybeans
Uses of protein (2)
- Structural molecules
2. Functional molecules
Which structural molecules are made of proteins?
Ex- keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle protein- help to build other molecules. Keratin makes the skin tough and dry, elastin lets tissues stretch
Which functional molecules are made of proteins?
enzymes, hormones