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Pharmacology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot

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2
Q

Embolus

A

Blood clot on the move

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3
Q

Embolism

A

Embolism that gets stuck in a blood vessel

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4
Q

Arterial thrombosis

A

Often caused by atherosclerotic lesions on arterial endothelium and usually consists of a platelet-rich clot (white clot).

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5
Q

Venous thrombosis

A

Often triggered by blood stasis or inappropriate activation of the coagulation cascade and usually consists of a fibrin clot (red clot).

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6
Q

Platelet aggregation inhibitors

A

(antiplatelet drugs) prevent platelet clots.

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7
Q

Two types of PCIs

A

Balloon angioplasty & stenting

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8
Q

PCI

A

Percutanteus coronary intervention

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9
Q

Thrombin inhibitors and vitamin K antagonist

A

(anticoagulants) prevent fibrin clots.

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10
Q

Indications for Anticoagulants

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis and treatment and pulmonary embolism (PE) prophylaxis and treatment.

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11
Q

Primary Adverse Reactions: Antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications

A

Bleeding, such as hemorrhagic stroke or GI hemorrhage.

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12
Q

COX-1 inhibitor

A

Inhibits thromboxane A2 production to decrease platelet aggregation. Ex. aspirin.

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13
Q

ADP Inhibitors

A

Inhibit adenosine diphosphate’s involvement in stimulating platelet aggregation. Examples - Clopidogrel, prasugrel; ticagrelor, ticlopidine

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14
Q

GP IIb/IIIa Blocker - tirofiban based on the venom of an Asian viper

A

Physically block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors to prevent fibrinogen, etc. from cross-linking platelets during platelet aggregation. Examples - abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban

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15
Q

Antiplatelet / vasodilators

A

dipyridamole – coronary vasodilator - Used in combination with aspirin or warfarin to prevent thrombo- embolism in patients with a prosthetic heart valve. Cilostazol – peripheral vasodilator - Used for intermittent claudication.

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16
Q

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

A

Unfractionated heparin, bivalirudin and lepirudin. Directly bind to and inhibit thombin to prevent it from converting fibrinogen to fibrin.

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17
Q

Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors

A

low-molecular-weight heparins (dalteparin, enoxaparin and tinzaparin), apixaban, fondaparinux and rivaroxaban. Directly bind to and inhibit Factor Xa to prevent it from converting prothrombin to thrombin.

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18
Q

Vitamin K antagonist drug

A

warfarin

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19
Q

Vitamin K antagonist action

A

Directly interferes with the function of vitamin K and inhibits the synthesis of clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X in the liver.

20
Q

Endogenous fribrinolytic system

A

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase convert plasminogen to plasmin.

21
Q

Plasmin

A

degrades fibrin and dissolves fibrin clots, thus allowing blood flow to resume

22
Q

Thrombolytics

A

recombinant versions of tPA and urokinase which are used to treat acute myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke and pulmonary embolism.

23
Q

Clot busters

A

Thrombolytics; breaks up bad clots AND good clots that are preventing bleeding

24
Q

Aminocaproic acid

A

inhibits plasminogen’s activation to plasmin to control hemorrhage in fibrinolytic disorders

25
Q

Tranexamic acid

A

Tranexamic acid has the same mechanism as aminocaproic acid and is used for bleeding prophylaxis in some hemophilias.

26
Q

Protamine

A

binds to and neutralizes unfractionated heparin and LMWH to treat heparin/LMWH overdose

27
Q

Vitamin K

A

reverses warfarin’s inhibition of clotting factor synthesis to treat warfarin overdose

28
Q

Anemia definition

A

A below-normal plasma hemoglobin concentration. Typically due to a decreased number of circulating red blood cells or an abnormally low total hemoglobin content per unit of blood volume.

29
Q

Causes of anemia

A

Causes include chronic blood loss, bone marrow abnormalities, increased hemolysis, toxic effects of some medications and dietary deficiencies.

30
Q

Dietary requirements for normal RBC production

A

Iron, folic acid and vitamin B-12 (cyanocobalamin)

31
Q

Iron deficiency

A

results from a negative iron balance due to depletion of iron stores as occurs with acute or chronic blood loss and/or inadequate intake or absorption of iron in food or supplements.

32
Q

Hypochromic anemia

A

RBCs are pale

33
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

RBCs are smaller than normal

34
Q

Tx for hypochromic/microcytic anemia

A

Iron supplementation

35
Q

Folate deficiency

A

associated with an increased demand in pregnancy and lactation, poor absorption due to some small intestine conditions, alcoholism and exposure to drugs such as methotrexate and trimethoprim

36
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

RBCs are larger than normal due to folate deficiency or B-12 deficiency

37
Q

Megaloblastic anemia tx

A

Vitamin B-12 and folic acid are both required for other megaloblastic anemias.

38
Q

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12) deficiency

A

typically associated with decreased absorption due to inadequate intrinsic factor production by gastric parietal cells, bariatric surgery and nonspecific malabsorption syndromes.

39
Q

pernicious anemia

A

Type of megaloblastic anemia due to inadequate intrinsic factor

40
Q

Pernicious anemia tx

A

Vitamin B-12 supplementation

41
Q

Erythropoietin

A

glycoprotein hormone that is produced in the kidneys. It regulates red blood cell proliferation and differentiation in the bone marrow

42
Q

Erythropoietin Uses

A

Recombinant versions are used to treat anemia caused by end-stage renal disease, HIV infection and cancer

43
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

inherited red blood cell disorder in which RBC’s contain abnormal hemoglobin S that causes them to dehydrate and become hard and sticky and to take on the shape of a farmers’ sickle.

44
Q

Sickle cell pain crisis

A

Sickle cell disease can cause “sickle cell pain crisis” and can damage blood vessels and eventually major organs.

45
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

increases the amount of hemoglobin F in RBC’s and protects them from the harmful effects of hemoglobin S.

46
Q

Pentoxifylline

A

acts by increasing RBC flexibility and reducing the viscosity of the blood thereby improving blood flow and tissue oxygenation.

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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