Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Mixed insulin drug names

A

Novolog 70/30 (70% Intermediate; 30% Rapid);

Novolin 70/30 (70% Intermediate; 30% Short);

Humulin 70/30 (70% Intermediate; 30% Short);

Humalog Mix 75/25 (75% Intermediate; 25% rapid);

Humulin 50/50 (50% Intermediate; 50% Short)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Long-acting insulin drug names

A

Glargine (Lantus); Detemir (Levemir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intermediate-acting insulin drug names

A

NPH (Humulin N; Novolin N)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Short acting insulin drug names

A

Regular Insulin (Humulin R; Novolin R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ultra-short acting insulin drug names

A

Lispro (Humalog); Aspart (Novolog); Glulisine (Apidra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Role of pancreas in diabetes

A

Endocrine function - secretion of insulin (beta cells); glucagon (alpha cells); Somatostatin (delta cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role of liver in diabetes

A

Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage; (This glycogen can later be converted back to glucose for energy.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Onset usually in childhood or puberty; Frequently undernourished at time of onset; 5-10% of DM diagnoses; moderate genetic predisposition; Defect - beta cells are destroyed, eliminating the production of insulin. INSULIN-DEPENDENT!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Drug classes involved treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

A

Basal Insulins = Intermediate-acting (NPH); Long-acting

Bolus Insulins = Ultra-short acting; Short-acting (Regular Insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ultra-short acting insulin use

A

Bolus; More rapid onset & shorter duration than regular insulin; Should be given within 15 minutes before a meal or within 20 minutes after starting a meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ultra-short acting insulin onset, peak, and duration

A

Onset ~ 0.25 hr; Peak ~ 1-2 hr; Duration ~3-4 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Short-Acting Insulin Use

A

Bolus insulin regulation; Regular insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Short-Acting Insulin onset, peak, and duration

A

Onset ~ 0.5-1.0 hr; Peak ~2-3 hr; Duration ~3-6 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intermediate-acting insulin (NPH) use

A

Basal insulin regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intermediate-acting insulin onset, peak, and duration

A

Onset ~2-4 hr; Peak ~6-10 hr; Duration ~10-16 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Long-Acting insulin use

A

Basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Long-acting insulin onset, peak, and duration

A

Onset ~4 hr; Peak = NONE; Duration up to 24 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mixing Insulins

A

Never mix any insulin in the same syringe with long-acting insulin (insulin glargine or insulin detemir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

General adverse effects related to insulin

A

Most common side effect of insulin therapy is hypoglycemia; others include Weight gain, Lipodystrophy (degeneration of adipose tissue), Allergic reactions, Local injection site reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Guidelines for Injecting Insulin

A

Areas of “loose skin”: abdomen, thighs, upper arms, upper buttocks; Rotation of injection sites to help prevent fibrosis or lipohypertrophy; Use the same region & rotate injection sites to have less variability in insulin absorption, but also minimize lipodystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Onset frequently over 35 (although becoming more prevalent in kids due to childhood obesity); usually obese at onset; 90-95% of DM diagnoses; VERY STRONG genetic predisposition; Defect - inability of beta cells to produce appropriate quantities of insulin, insulin resistance, and/or other defects

22
Q

Drug classes involved treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

A

Oral

Non-Insulin Injectables

Basal Insulin

Bolus Insulin

23
Q

Oral Agent Pharmacologic Mechanisms

A
  1. Increase production of insulin
  2. Decrease glucose output
  3. Increase sensitivity to insulin
  4. Delay digestion of carbohydrates
  5. Inhibition of enzymes
24
Q

Oral Agents

A
  1. Sulfonylureas
  2. Meglitinides
  3. Biguanides
  4. Glitazones
  5. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
  6. DPP4 Inhibitors
25
Q

Sulfonylureas Action

A

Binds to sulfonylurea receptors on B-cells & stimulates pancreatic secretion of insulin

26
Q

Sulfonylureas Side Effects

A

Hypoglycemia, weight gain, hemolytic anemia, GI upset

27
Q

Sulfonylureas Dosing

A

Twice daily dosing before meals; Start at lower doses in elderly and compromised renal or hepatic function

28
Q

Advantages of 2nd Gen Sulfonylureas

A

more potent, fewer adverse effects & drug interactions

29
Q

Action of Meglitinides

A

Bind to receptors on βcells & lowers glucose by stimulating pancreatic isulin secretion; Produces more physiologic insulin release after a meal & better postprandial BG lowering

30
Q

Side Effects of Meglitinides

A

hypoglycemia, weight gain

31
Q

Cautions of Meglitinides

A

Hepatic Impairment

32
Q

Biguanides Actions

A

Decrease hepatic glucose production; Increase peripheral glucose utilization

33
Q

Biguanides Side Effects

A

N/V/D, & metallic taste are the most common SE Lactic acidosis: minimize use in renal insufficiency, CHF Avoid if SCr > 1.5 in males & 1.4 in females Does NOT induce hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy GI SE can be minimized by taking with food & titrate

34
Q

Biguanides Medications

A

METFORMIN (Glucophage)

35
Q

Glitazone Actions

A

Sensitize muscle & fat to effects of insuline (thru activation of PPAR gamma receptor)

Insulin must be present for medication to work!

May take 3 months for full effect

36
Q

Glitazone Side Effects

A

Edema and weight gain (caution in CHF and edema) Monitor LFTs closely due to potential Liver dysfunction (trioglitazone) Mixed effects on lipids (DecreaseTG, IncreaseHDL, but negative effect on LDL)

37
Q

Glitazone Medications

A

Pioglitazone (Actos); Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

38
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Actions

A

Prolongs the absorption of carbohydrates (by preventing breakdown of sucrose & complex carbohydrates in the small intestine)

Net effect: Decrease postprandial glucose; fasting BG is relatively unchanged

39
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Side Effects

A

GI Side effects: diarrhea, abdominal cramps

40
Q

DPP4 Inhibitor

A

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4-Inhibitors

41
Q

DPP4 Inhibitor Action

A
  1. Increases insulin release
  2. decreases glucagon levels in the circulation
42
Q

DPP4 Inhibitor Use

A

Adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

43
Q

DPP4 Inhibitor Side Effects

A

URI, nasopharyngitis and headache, hypoglycemia

44
Q

Incretins

A

Group of GI hormones that:

  1. increase postprandial insulin secretion
  2. slow the rate of absorption of nutrients from GI tract
  3. inhibit glucagon release
45
Q

Amylins

A

Group of GI Hormones that: Slows the absorption of nutrients (slows gastric emptying time

46
Q

Incretin Mimetic Actions

A
  1. Glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin release
  2. suppression of glucagon
  3. slows gastric emptying
  4. May preserve B-cell function (useful in early disease)
47
Q

Incretin Mimetic Side Effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, weight loss, injection site irritation

48
Q

Amylin Analog Drug

A

Pramlintide (Symlin)

49
Q

Amylin Analog Action

A

Suppresses glucagon secretion;

Delays gastric emptying;

Decreases postprandial hyperglycemia;

Promotes satiety;

50
Q

Amylin Analog Uses

A

type 1 and type 2 diabetes (on insulin)

51
Q

Amylin Analog Side Effects

A

nausea& vomiting, weight loss

52
Q

Non-insulin Injectables

A

Incretin Mimetics; Amylin Analogs

Pharmacology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions