Hematology Flashcards
What factors affect the rate of gas exchange from the lungs to the red blood cells?
- Fever
- 2,3-BPG
- Acidosis
How does decreased Hgb affect oxygenation?
- leads to hypoxia
- Release of erythropoietin
To increase Hgb and oxygenation
A reticulocyte will appear in the blood smear of someone with what condition?
Anemia
What are (3) causes of anemia?
- Hemorrhage
- Increased RBC destruction (hemolysis)
- Decreased production (by bone marrow)
What is hypochromic anemia?
- Decreased hgb
- Pallor
What is microcytic anemia?
- Decreased RBC volume
- Decreased RBC size
Chronic infection can facilitate what type of anemia?
Hypochromic, microcytic
Thalassemia minor can facilitate what type of anemia?
Hypochromic, Microcytic
What is the basis of thalassemia minor mediated anemia?
- Genetic decrease in Hgb production
- Ineffective erythropoiesis leading to an imbalance in α and β chain synthesis
What type of anemia is noted to be caused by lead poisoning?
Hypochromic, microcytic
How does lead poisoning cause anemia?
- Decreased erythropoiesis
- Increased hemolysis
How does iron deficiency lead to anemia?
Decreased ability to generate heme
When is iron deficiency anemia most common?
10-18 months (1-1.5 yo)
What is a common dietary cause of iron deficiency anemia in pediatrics under the age of 12 mo?
Milk
What are S/Sx of iron deficiency anemia?
- Spooning fingernails (koilonychia)
- Pale palmar crease
- Check conjunctiva
What should you check in 2 weeks to check for an improvement in iron deficiency anemia?
Reticulocyte count
Hgb won’t increase in time
What type of anemia is noted to be caused by iron deficiency?
Hypochromic, microcytic
What are common causes of macrocytic anemia?
- B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency
- Medication interactions
How does folate deficiency anemia present?
Hypersegmented PMNs
What type of milk can cause folate defiency anemia?
Goat’s milk
What is the MCV value for macrocytic anemia?
> 100
How does idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura present?
- Tiny petechiae
- larger ecchymosis
- purpura on oral mucosa & retina
- hematuria
- megakaryocytes on bone marrow sample
How does Tar syndrome present?
- Malformed arms
- Petechiae on body
- Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
How does Kasabach Merrit Syndrome present?
- Hemangiomas
- Low platelet count
How does hereditary spherocytosis lead to hemolytic anemia?
Perfectly round RBCs that get stuck in spleen
What is the Tx for hereditary spherocytosis?
Splenectomy
What is the inheritance pattern of hereditary spherocytosis?
Autosomal dominant
How does G6PD deficiency anemia present?
- Yellow sclera
- Blister cells with Hgb condensed in nonblistering region
- Can be after dose of fava beans or Abx
What type of anemia is caused by G6PD deficiency in those who have taken fava beans?
Hemolytic
What are characteristics of Sickle Cell crisis?
- Vaso-occlusion
- Sequestration
What are S/Sx of Sickle Cell disease?
- Priapism
- Dactylitis
- Maxillary hyperplasia
