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IPA > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up blood

A

plasma - 55% (water, proteins-albumin, nutrients)

cellular components-45%

  • WBCs
  • platelets
  • RBCs
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2
Q

myeloid

A 
RBCs and platelets
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
monocytes
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3
Q

lymphoid

A

b/t cells

NKCells

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4
Q

what is used to complete a CBC

what about: white cell differential count

peripheral blood smear

A

a CBC done by machine (almost always)

a WHITE CELL DIFFERENTIAL COUNT is done automated or by hand

PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR done by hand, looking through microscope

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5
Q

where does blood for a peripheral smear come from?

what does it access?

when is it usually done?

A

comes from veins NOT marrow

look at cells under microscope to see size, shape, and contents

usually done when automated CBC is abnormal

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6
Q

what does a CBC look at

A

the common constituents of blood

  • RBC,WBC, Platelets
  • look at number and morphology
  • access oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs
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7
Q

what does CBC not include

A

it includes a WBC DIFFERENTIAL

it does NOT include MANUAL COUNT

you have to order separately

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8
Q

what is in a complete blood count

A 
RBC
Hb
Hct
WBC
platelet count
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9
Q

what does RBC count tell you?

why order it?

A

the number of RBCs in a volume of whole blood

order when: as part of CBC for screening or physical, or to monitor anemia, post surgery, meds

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10
Q

what are the causes of low RBC count

A 
hemorrhage
hemolysis
dietary deficiency
genetics (sickle)
drug ingestion
marrow failure
chronic illlness (tumor, sepsis, hiv)
organ failure
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11
Q

causes of high RBC count

A

chronic hypoxia (COPD, heart disease)

polycythemia vera

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12
Q

what are the red cell indices

A

Mean cell volume (MCV)
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
red cell distribution width

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13
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

helps to classify anemias

tells us overall avg size of RBC

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14
Q

in an MCV, what does a larger than normal RBC called?

smaller?

normal??

A

larger= macrocytic

smaller= microcytic

normal= normocytic

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15
Q

common causes of macrocytosis

A

folate, B12 def

chronic liver dz, alcholism

chemo

cardioresp abnormalities

HIV on treatment

aka everything but FE and thalassemia

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16
Q

causes of microcytosis

A

chronic Fe def

thalassemia- blood disorder with less hb than normal

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17
Q

what are common causes of normocytosis (other than healthy)

A

anemia of chronic disease

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18
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

quantity (weight) of hemoglobin in avg RBC

it is very closely correlated to MCV and therefore is redundant and ADDS LITTLE TO THE EVALUATION

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19
Q

MCHC

A

average concentration of hemoglobin in the average RBC

correlates with degree of chromasia (redness of RBC)

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20
Q

chromasia

A

redness of RBC

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21
Q

what is a pale RBC called
what is a dark RBC called
normal?

A

pale= hypochromic

dark= hyperchromic (alteration in shape may cause this on automated result)

normal= normochromic

22
Q

RDW

A

Red cell distribution width

tells us how variable the sizes of RBCs are

23
Q

what does anisocytosis mean

A

red cells of varying sizes

aka RDW

24
Q

RDW are never _____________, only ____ or _____

A

never low,

only normal or high

25
Q

what do high RDWs tell you?

low RDWs?

A

high= may precede detectable anemia (good for early detection) or deficiency anemia

NEVER LOW only normal or high

26
Q

what is hematocrit

how do you get this

A

Hct

percent of whole blood that is RBCs

centrifuge to get

27
Q

what is PCV

A

packed cell volume

indirect way of getting Hct

28
Q

Hgb

A

hemoglobin

the molecule that transports oxygen in RBC

calculated figure on CBC

g/dL

29
Q

hwo much does hemoglobin account for the hematocrit

A

1/3 of the value of hematocrit (hct)

if HCt= 45, then Hgb= about 15

30
Q

what does a low HCT or Hgb tell you

A

anemia !!!

31
Q

what are the two routes to anemia

A

inadequate production of RBCs !!!

loss or destruction of RBCS!!!!

ex: cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, dietary def, renal disease

32
Q

what does a high HCT or HGB tell you

A

polycythemia vera or congential heart disease

most often due to CHRONIC HYPOXIA (Smokers with emphysema, chronic pulmonary disease= COPD)

renal tumor

sever dehydration

33
Q

how does abnormal HGB impact the body

A

too low= strains cardiopulmonary system= MI, angina, heart failure, stroke

too high= clumping, sludging, stroke

34
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

young RBCs that just entered circulation (24-48 hours)

remnant of nuclear material

35
Q

what does normal reticulocyte count indicate

A

funcitoning bone marrow

36
Q

what could a high Reticulocyte count indicate

A

hemorrhage /anemia
hemolytic disease newborns
hemolytic anemia
treatment of iron, b-12 or folate def

37
Q

decreased reticulocyte count

A

pernicious anemia (lack of b12)

folic acid def

fe def

aplastic anemia

radiation therapy
malignancy

38
Q

what is a white blood cell count used for

what happens with age

A

evaluating for infection, neoplasm allergy, or immunosuppression

tend to be age related, decrease with age

39
Q

what does a differential WBC count tell you

A

the types of WBC and their percentages of the total
-neutrophil (45%)= ex

may or may not be included

40
Q

what are exs of leukocytosis

A

leukocytosis= high WBC

infection, malignancy, inflammation, thyroid storm

41
Q

what are exs of leukocytopenia

A

leukocytopenia= decreased WBC

drug toxicity, bone marrow failure, dietary def, autoimmune disease!!!

42
Q

what does neutrophilia indicate

A

high neutrophils

bacterial infection

43
Q

what are band cells and what do they indicate

A

band cells= immature neutrophils

indicate bacterial infection
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
-stimulates bone marrow to release large numbers of neutrophils

44
Q

what does lymphocytosis indicate

A

high lymphocytes

viral infection (high lymph)

45
Q

what does eosinophilia indicate

A

high eosinophils

allergy of PARASITIC

46
Q

what does basophilia indicate

A

means high basophil presence

indicates hypersensitivity rxn, ANAPHYLAXIS, myeloproliferative dz

47
Q

what are the following for

monocytes

t cells

b cells

A

monocytes= fight bacteria via phagocytosis remain in system longer

t cells= immune reaction - killer cells

b cells= humoral response, produce abs

48
Q

what is an ANC

A

absolute neutrophil count

determines someones risk of infection (if ANC too low, they cant have surgical procedure)

49
Q

platelets

A

small

help with blood clot

fragments of cells

50
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

lower than normal platelets

causes: chemo, meds, DIC, hypersplenism

51
Q

thrombocytosis

A

elevated platelets

caused: anemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera

52
Q

paresthesia

A

burning or prickling sensation (tingling)

IPA (14 decks)

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