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IPA > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up blood

A

plasma - 55% (water, proteins-albumin, nutrients)

cellular components-45%

  • WBCs
  • platelets
  • RBCs
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2
Q

myeloid

A 
RBCs and platelets
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils
monocytes
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3
Q

lymphoid

A

b/t cells

NKCells

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4
Q

what is used to complete a CBC

what about: white cell differential count

peripheral blood smear

A

a CBC done by machine (almost always)

a WHITE CELL DIFFERENTIAL COUNT is done automated or by hand

PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR done by hand, looking through microscope

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5
Q

where does blood for a peripheral smear come from?

what does it access?

when is it usually done?

A

comes from veins NOT marrow

look at cells under microscope to see size, shape, and contents

usually done when automated CBC is abnormal

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6
Q

what does a CBC look at

A

the common constituents of blood

  • RBC,WBC, Platelets
  • look at number and morphology
  • access oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs
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7
Q

what does CBC not include

A

it includes a WBC DIFFERENTIAL

it does NOT include MANUAL COUNT

you have to order separately

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8
Q

what is in a complete blood count

A 
RBC
Hb
Hct
WBC
platelet count
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9
Q

what does RBC count tell you?

why order it?

A

the number of RBCs in a volume of whole blood

order when: as part of CBC for screening or physical, or to monitor anemia, post surgery, meds

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10
Q

what are the causes of low RBC count

A 
hemorrhage
hemolysis
dietary deficiency
genetics (sickle)
drug ingestion
marrow failure
chronic illlness (tumor, sepsis, hiv)
organ failure
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11
Q

causes of high RBC count

A

chronic hypoxia (COPD, heart disease)

polycythemia vera

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12
Q

what are the red cell indices

A

Mean cell volume (MCV)
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
red cell distribution width

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13
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

helps to classify anemias

tells us overall avg size of RBC

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14
Q

in an MCV, what does a larger than normal RBC called?

smaller?

normal??

A

larger= macrocytic

smaller= microcytic

normal= normocytic

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15
Q

common causes of macrocytosis

A

folate, B12 def

chronic liver dz, alcholism

chemo

cardioresp abnormalities

HIV on treatment

aka everything but FE and thalassemia

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16
Q

causes of microcytosis

A

chronic Fe def

thalassemia- blood disorder with less hb than normal

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17
Q

what are common causes of normocytosis (other than healthy)

A

anemia of chronic disease

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18
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

quantity (weight) of hemoglobin in avg RBC

it is very closely correlated to MCV and therefore is redundant and ADDS LITTLE TO THE EVALUATION

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19
Q

MCHC

A

average concentration of hemoglobin in the average RBC

correlates with degree of chromasia (redness of RBC)

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20
Q

chromasia

A

redness of RBC

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21
Q

what is a pale RBC called
what is a dark RBC called
normal?

A

pale= hypochromic

dark= hyperchromic (alteration in shape may cause this on automated result)

normal= normochromic

22
Q

RDW

A

Red cell distribution width

tells us how variable the sizes of RBCs are

23
Q

what does anisocytosis mean

A

red cells of varying sizes

aka RDW

24
Q

RDW are never _____________, only ____ or _____

A

never low,

only normal or high

25
what do high RDWs tell you? low RDWs?
high= may precede detectable anemia (good for early detection) or deficiency anemia NEVER LOW only normal or high
26
what is hematocrit how do you get this
Hct percent of whole blood that is RBCs centrifuge to get
27
what is PCV
packed cell volume indirect way of getting Hct
28
Hgb
hemoglobin the molecule that transports oxygen in RBC calculated figure on CBC g/dL
29
hwo much does hemoglobin account for the hematocrit
1/3 of the value of hematocrit (hct) if HCt= 45, then Hgb= about 15
30
what does a low HCT or Hgb tell you
anemia !!!
31
what are the two routes to anemia
inadequate production of RBCs !!! loss or destruction of RBCS!!!! ex: cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, dietary def, renal disease
32
what does a high HCT or HGB tell you
polycythemia vera or congential heart disease most often due to CHRONIC HYPOXIA (Smokers with emphysema, chronic pulmonary disease= COPD) renal tumor sever dehydration
33
how does abnormal HGB impact the body
too low= strains cardiopulmonary system= MI, angina, heart failure, stroke too high= clumping, sludging, stroke
34
what are reticulocytes
young RBCs that just entered circulation (24-48 hours) remnant of nuclear material
35
what does normal reticulocyte count indicate
funcitoning bone marrow
36
what could a high Reticulocyte count indicate
hemorrhage /anemia hemolytic disease newborns hemolytic anemia treatment of iron, b-12 or folate def
37
decreased reticulocyte count
pernicious anemia (lack of b12) folic acid def fe def aplastic anemia radiation therapy malignancy
38
what is a white blood cell count used for what happens with age
evaluating for infection, neoplasm allergy, or immunosuppression tend to be age related, decrease with age
39
what does a differential WBC count tell you
the types of WBC and their percentages of the total -neutrophil (45%)= ex may or may not be included
40
what are exs of leukocytosis
leukocytosis= high WBC infection, malignancy, inflammation, thyroid storm
41
what are exs of leukocytopenia
leukocytopenia= decreased WBC drug toxicity, bone marrow failure, dietary def, autoimmune disease!!!
42
what does neutrophilia indicate
high neutrophils bacterial infection
43
what are band cells and what do they indicate
band cells= immature neutrophils indicate bacterial infection ACUTE INFLAMMATION -stimulates bone marrow to release large numbers of neutrophils
44
what does lymphocytosis indicate
high lymphocytes viral infection (high lymph)
45
what does eosinophilia indicate
high eosinophils allergy of PARASITIC
46
what does basophilia indicate
means high basophil presence indicates hypersensitivity rxn, ANAPHYLAXIS, myeloproliferative dz
47
what are the following for monocytes t cells b cells
monocytes= fight bacteria via phagocytosis remain in system longer t cells= immune reaction - killer cells b cells= humoral response, produce abs
48
what is an ANC
absolute neutrophil count determines someones risk of infection (if ANC too low, they cant have surgical procedure)
49
platelets
small help with blood clot fragments of cells
50
thrombocytopenia
lower than normal platelets causes: chemo, meds, DIC, hypersplenism
51
thrombocytosis
elevated platelets caused: anemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera
52
paresthesia
burning or prickling sensation (tingling)

IPA (14 decks)

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