Chemistries

Question 1

what is the difference between plasma and serum

Answer 1

plasma: both serum and coagulants
serum: missing coagulants

Question 2

what two forms does the metabolic panel come in

Answer 2

BMP

CMP

Question 3

what is the major cation in the extracellular space

Answer 3

sodium

Question 4

why would sodium levels be increased

Answer 4

GI loss, extensive burns, diabetes insipidus, too much Na in diet

Question 5

why would sodium levels increase

Answer 5

n

Question 6

symptoms of HYPOnatremia

Answer 6

aka low sodium
weakness 
confusion 
lethargy
coma

Question 7

symptoms of HYPERnatremia

Answer 7

dry mucous membrane
thirst 
agitation
hyper-reflexia
seizure

Question 8

what is the major intracellular cation

Answer 8

potassium

Question 9

what does alkalosis do to potassium?

acidosis?

Answer 9

alkalosis: lowers potassium = hypokalemia

acidosis = raises potassium = HYPER kalemia

K+ varies like CO2

Question 10

what two things promote movement of K into cells

Answer 10

insulin

albuterol

Question 11

what is the #1 cause for HYPERkalemia

Answer 11

lab error

(other reasons: hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, meds

Question 12

reasons for HYPOkalemia

Answer 12

too much insulin
diuretics
GI loss

Question 13

at what time of day do Ca levels peak

Answer 13

9 pm

Question 14

what molecule is associated with decreased Ca

Answer 14

albumin

hypoalbuminemia assoc with low Ca

would need to first stabilize pt with albumin and then recheck Ca

Question 15

what gland regulates Ca

Answer 15

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin from thyroid

parathyroid= released in response to low Ca

calcitonin = released in response to high Ca
“tones down the Ca levels when get too high”

Question 16

causes of low Ca

Answer 16

HYPOparathyroidism
vit d def
renal disease
meds

Question 17

causes of high Ca

Answer 17

hyper parathyroidism
vit d toxicity
bone cancer
meds

Question 18

where is most Mg located in the body

Answer 18

most intracellular and half in the bone

mg is important for neuromusclar / cardiac tissue function

Question 19

is mg regulated by hormones

Answer 19

no

though it assoc with Ca/K

Question 20

causes of hypomagnesemia

Answer 20

malnutrition
hypoparathyroidism
alcholism
diuretics

Question 21

causes of hypermagnesemia

Answer 21

antacids
addisons
renal insufficiney
laxatives

Question 22

where is Cl normally found in body

Answer 22

extracellular

Question 23

causes of hypo Cl

hyper Cl

Answer 23

hypo= often follow Na loss, diuretics

hyper= na increase, renal failure, IATROGENIC- large fluid administration (IV)

Question 24

what is the anion gap

Answer 24

difference between anions and cations

aids in defining acid/base disorders

defines what is NOT directly measured by labs !!!!!!!!!

Question 25

what is the anion gap most useful for

Answer 25

defining causes of metabolic acidosis by HIGH gap low gaps are rare

Question 26

what controls serum glucose

Answer 26

insulin and glucagon

Question 27

what is released in response to high glucose

Answer 27

insulin- stimulates cells to take in glucose

Question 28

causes of hyperglycemia

Answer 28

``` stress caffeine trauma infection steriods DM ```

Question 29

causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 29

insuinoma/insulin therapy when dose excessive hypothyroidism addisons

Question 30

what is a hemoglobin A1C

Answer 30

3 month average of blood glucose

Question 31

what is used to diagnose Diabetes mellitus

Answer 31

HbG A1C over 6.5% on 2 occasions = considered diagnostic

Question 32

what do CO2 levels indirectly measure

Answer 32

bicarbonate ion CO2 levels help evaluate pH elevations: vomit, COPD, metabolic alkalosis, decreases: diarrhea, loop diuretics, renal failure, metabolic acidosis

Question 33

what does serum osmolality provide you information about

Answer 33

fluid status and electrolytes (how thick/thin blood is)

Question 34

what causes decrease in serum osmolality

Answer 34

more fluid

Question 35

what causes increase in serum osmolality

Answer 35

less fluid

Question 36

what is the osmolar gap

Answer 36

osmoLALITY(measured) minus osmoLARITY (calced) omolality= particles of solute per kilo of solvent osmolarlity= particles of solute per liter solution

Question 37

what is bicarbonate regulated by

Answer 37

the kidneys