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IPA > Chemistries > Flashcards

Chemistries Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between plasma and serum

A

plasma: both serum and coagulants
serum: missing coagulants

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2
Q

what two forms does the metabolic panel come in

A

BMP

CMP

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3
Q

what is the major cation in the extracellular space

A

sodium

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4
Q

why would sodium levels be increased

A

GI loss, extensive burns, diabetes insipidus, too much Na in diet

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5
Q

why would sodium levels increase

A

n

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6
Q

symptoms of HYPOnatremia

A 
aka low sodium
weakness 
confusion 
lethargy
coma
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7
Q

symptoms of HYPERnatremia

A 
dry mucous membrane
thirst 
agitation
hyper-reflexia
seizure
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8
Q

what is the major intracellular cation

A

potassium

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9
Q

what does alkalosis do to potassium?

acidosis?

A

alkalosis: lowers potassium = hypokalemia

acidosis = raises potassium = HYPER kalemia

K+ varies like CO2

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10
Q

what two things promote movement of K into cells

A

insulin

albuterol

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11
Q

what is the #1 cause for HYPERkalemia

A

lab error

(other reasons: hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, meds

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12
Q

reasons for HYPOkalemia

A

too much insulin
diuretics
GI loss

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13
Q

at what time of day do Ca levels peak

A

9 pm

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14
Q

what molecule is associated with decreased Ca

A

albumin

hypoalbuminemia assoc with low Ca

would need to first stabilize pt with albumin and then recheck Ca

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15
Q

what gland regulates Ca

A

parathyroid hormone, calcitonin from thyroid

parathyroid= released in response to low Ca

calcitonin = released in response to high Ca
“tones down the Ca levels when get too high”

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16
Q

causes of low Ca

A

HYPOparathyroidism
vit d def
renal disease
meds

17
Q

causes of high Ca

A

hyper parathyroidism
vit d toxicity
bone cancer
meds

18
Q

where is most Mg located in the body

A

most intracellular and half in the bone

mg is important for neuromusclar / cardiac tissue function

19
Q

is mg regulated by hormones

A

no

though it assoc with Ca/K

20
Q

causes of hypomagnesemia

A

malnutrition
hypoparathyroidism
alcholism
diuretics

21
Q

causes of hypermagnesemia

A

antacids
addisons
renal insufficiney
laxatives

22
Q

where is Cl normally found in body

A

extracellular

23
Q

causes of hypo Cl

hyper Cl

A

hypo= often follow Na loss, diuretics

hyper= na increase, renal failure, IATROGENIC- large fluid administration (IV)

24
Q

what is the anion gap

A

difference between anions and cations

aids in defining acid/base disorders

defines what is NOT directly measured by labs !!!!!!!!!

25
Q

what is the anion gap most useful for

A

defining causes of metabolic acidosis by HIGH gap

low gaps are rare

26
Q

what controls serum glucose

A

insulin and glucagon

27
Q

what is released in response to high glucose

A

insulin- stimulates cells to take in glucose

28
Q

causes of hyperglycemia

A 
stress
caffeine
trauma
infection
steriods
DM
29
Q

causes of hypoglycemia

A

insuinoma/insulin therapy when dose excessive
hypothyroidism
addisons

30
Q

what is a hemoglobin A1C

A

3 month average of blood glucose

31
Q

what is used to diagnose Diabetes mellitus

A

HbG A1C over 6.5% on 2 occasions = considered diagnostic

32
Q

what do CO2 levels indirectly measure

A

bicarbonate ion

CO2 levels help evaluate pH

elevations: vomit, COPD, metabolic alkalosis,
decreases: diarrhea, loop diuretics, renal failure, metabolic acidosis

33
Q

what does serum osmolality provide you information about

A

fluid status and electrolytes (how thick/thin blood is)

34
Q

what causes decrease in serum osmolality

A

more fluid

35
Q

what causes increase in serum osmolality

A

less fluid

36
Q

what is the osmolar gap

A

osmoLALITY(measured) minus osmoLARITY (calced)

omolality= particles of solute per kilo of solvent

osmolarlity= particles of solute per liter solution

37
Q

what is bicarbonate regulated by

A

the kidneys

IPA (14 decks)

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