Hematological System Flashcards
What percentage of total blood volume does plasma make up?
55%
What is plasma?
The liquid part of blood and lymph
_____ is plasma without the clotting factors.
Serum
What determines osmotic pressure and pH balance in the body?
Electrolytes in plasma
List 3 plasma proteins.
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up ____ % of total blood volume, while leukocytes (WBCs) make up ___ %.
Erythrocytes = 45% Leukocytes = 55%
Where are RBCs made? What do they contain?
Made in the marrow of the long bones
Contain the oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin, responsible for transporting oxygen
Where are leukocytes made?
Bone marrow
List 5 types of leukocytes.
Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
What is hematopoiesis?
The normal function and generation of blood cells in the bone barrow.
List 2 examples of disorders of hematopoiesis.
Aplastic anemia
Leukemias
What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
The rate of red blood cells that settle out in a tube of unclotted blood; expressed in mm per hour
Elevated ESR indicates the presence of ____.
Inflammation
What is hemostasis?
The termination or arrest of blood flow by mechanical or chemical processes.
List 3 things that are needed for blood clotting to take place.
- Platelets produces in bone marrow
- von Willebrand’s factor produced by the endothelium of blood vessels
- Clotting factors produced by the liver using vitamin K
List 4 examples of hypercoagulability disorders.
Congestive heart failure
Diabetes mellitus
Atherosclerosis
Pregnancy
List 5 examples of hypocoagulopathy disorders.
Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia Bone marrow dysfunction Cushing's disease Vitamin C deficiency
List 3 causes of hypovolemic shock.
Hemorrhage
Vomiting
Diarrhea
List 2 signs and symptoms of hematological disorders.
- Easy bruising with spontaneous petechia and purpura of the skin
- External hematomas may also be present
Long term use of ____ and ____ can lead to bleeding and anemia.
Steroids
NSAIDs
What is anemia?
A decrease in hemoglobin levels in the blood.
Decrease and/or destruction of RBCs
List 6 signs and symptoms associated with anemia.
- Fatigue and weakness with minimal exertion
- Dyspnea on exertion
- Pallor or tallow skin of the face, hands, nail beds, and lips
- Tachycardia
- Bleeding of gums, mucous membranes, or skin in the absence of trauma
- Severe anemia can cause hypoxic damage to liver and kidney, heart failure.
Patients with anemia exhibit decreased _____.
Exercise tolerance
What is sickle cell disease?
Group of inherited, autosomal recessive red blood cell disorders; erythrocytes, specifically hemoglobin, are abnormal.
RBCs are crescent or sickle shaped instead of biconcave
What occurs with sickle cell anemia?
Hemoglobin is released into plasma with resultant reduced oxygen delivery to tissues
What is a sickle cell crisis?
Acute episodic condition occurring in children with sickle cell anemia.
List 5 signs and symptoms of a sickle cell crisis.
- Pain: acute and severe from sickle cell clots formed in any organ, bone, or joint
- Persistent headaches
- Bone and joint crises: migratory, recurrent joint pain; extremity and back pain
- Neurological manifestations: dizziness, convulsions, coma, nystagmus
- Pulmonary (acute chest syndrome): chest pain, coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea may occur
____ exercise is indicated for patients in a sickle cell crisis.
Low to moderate level exercise
What modality is contraindicated for patients with sickle cell anemia?
Cold is contraindicated, as it increases vasoconstriction and sickling
What is hemophilia? What is the most common type of hemophilia?
A group of bleeding disorders inherited as a sex linked recessive disorder; affects males; females are carriers
Bleeding is spontaneous or as a result of trauma
Clotting factor VIII deficiency is most common (classic hemophilia)
What is hemarthrosis?
Bleeding into joint spaces
Joint becomes swollen, warm, and painful with decreased ROM
List 7 signs and symptoms of acute bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia.
- Decreased ROM
- Stiffening
- Pain
- Swelling
- Tenderness
- Heat
- Prickling or tingling sensation
What intervention is rarely used in patients with hemophilia?
Passive stretching is rarely used, due to risk of myositis ossificans
