Hematological System

Question 1

What percentage of total blood volume does plasma make up?

Answer 1

55%

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

The liquid part of blood and lymph

Question 3

_____ is plasma without the clotting factors.

Answer 3

Serum

Question 4

What determines osmotic pressure and pH balance in the body?

Answer 4

Electrolytes in plasma

Question 5

List 3 plasma proteins.

Answer 5

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Question 6

Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up ____ % of total blood volume, while leukocytes (WBCs) make up ___ %.

Answer 6

Erythrocytes = 45%
Leukocytes = 55%

Question 7

Where are RBCs made? What do they contain?

Answer 7

Made in the marrow of the long bones

Contain the oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin, responsible for transporting oxygen

Question 8

Where are leukocytes made?

Answer 8

Bone marrow

Question 9

List 5 types of leukocytes.

Answer 9

Lymphocytes 
Monocytes 
Neutrophils 
Basophils 
Eosinophils

Question 10

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 10

The normal function and generation of blood cells in the bone barrow.

Question 11

List 2 examples of disorders of hematopoiesis.

Answer 11

Aplastic anemia

Leukemias

Question 12

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 12

The rate of red blood cells that settle out in a tube of unclotted blood; expressed in mm per hour

Question 13

Elevated ESR indicates the presence of ____.

Answer 13

Inflammation

Question 14

What is hemostasis?

Answer 14

The termination or arrest of blood flow by mechanical or chemical processes.

Question 15

List 3 things that are needed for blood clotting to take place.

Answer 15

1. Platelets produces in bone marrow
2. von Willebrand’s factor produced by the endothelium of blood vessels
3. Clotting factors produced by the liver using vitamin K

Question 16

List 4 examples of hypercoagulability disorders.

Answer 16

Congestive heart failure
Diabetes mellitus
Atherosclerosis
Pregnancy

Question 17

List 5 examples of hypocoagulopathy disorders.

Answer 17

Thrombocytopenia 
Hemophilia 
Bone marrow dysfunction
Cushing's disease
Vitamin C deficiency

Question 18

List 3 causes of hypovolemic shock.

Answer 18

Hemorrhage
Vomiting
Diarrhea

Question 19

List 2 signs and symptoms of hematological disorders.

Answer 19

1. Easy bruising with spontaneous petechia and purpura of the skin
2. External hematomas may also be present

Question 20

Long term use of ____ and ____ can lead to bleeding and anemia.

Answer 20

Steroids

NSAIDs

Question 21

What is anemia?

Answer 21

A decrease in hemoglobin levels in the blood.

Decrease and/or destruction of RBCs

Question 22

List 6 signs and symptoms associated with anemia.

Answer 22

1. Fatigue and weakness with minimal exertion
2. Dyspnea on exertion
3. Pallor or tallow skin of the face, hands, nail beds, and lips
4. Tachycardia
5. Bleeding of gums, mucous membranes, or skin in the absence of trauma
6. Severe anemia can cause hypoxic damage to liver and kidney, heart failure.

Question 23

Patients with anemia exhibit decreased _____.

Answer 23

Exercise tolerance

Question 24

What is sickle cell disease?

Answer 24

Group of inherited, autosomal recessive red blood cell disorders; erythrocytes, specifically hemoglobin, are abnormal.

RBCs are crescent or sickle shaped instead of biconcave

Question 25

What occurs with sickle cell anemia?

Answer 25

Hemoglobin is released into plasma with resultant reduced oxygen delivery to tissues

Question 26

What is a sickle cell crisis?

Answer 26

Acute episodic condition occurring in children with sickle cell anemia.

Question 27

List 5 signs and symptoms of a sickle cell crisis.

Answer 27

1. Pain: acute and severe from sickle cell clots formed in any organ, bone, or joint 2. Persistent headaches 3. Bone and joint crises: migratory, recurrent joint pain; extremity and back pain 4. Neurological manifestations: dizziness, convulsions, coma, nystagmus 5. Pulmonary (acute chest syndrome): chest pain, coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea may occur

Question 28

____ exercise is indicated for patients in a sickle cell crisis.

Answer 28

Low to moderate level exercise

Question 29

What modality is contraindicated for patients with sickle cell anemia?

Answer 29

Cold is contraindicated, as it increases vasoconstriction and sickling

Question 30

What is hemophilia? What is the most common type of hemophilia?

Answer 30

A group of bleeding disorders inherited as a sex linked recessive disorder; affects males; females are carriers Bleeding is spontaneous or as a result of trauma Clotting factor VIII deficiency is most common (classic hemophilia)

Question 31

What is hemarthrosis?

Answer 31

Bleeding into joint spaces Joint becomes swollen, warm, and painful with decreased ROM

Question 32

List 7 signs and symptoms of acute bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia.

Answer 32

1. Decreased ROM 2. Stiffening 3. Pain 4. Swelling 5. Tenderness 6. Heat 7. Prickling or tingling sensation

Question 33

What intervention is rarely used in patients with hemophilia?

Answer 33

Passive stretching is rarely used, due to risk of myositis ossificans