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NPTE Other Systems > Endocrine and Metabolic Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Metabolic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 structures primarily make up the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Nervous System

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2
Q

The hypothalamus controls the release of ______.

A

Pituitary hormones

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3
Q

List 5 hormones that the anterior pituitary gland controls the release of.

A 
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luteinizing hormone 
Prolactin
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4
Q

The posterior pituitary gland controls the release of ______ and _____.

A

Anti diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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5
Q

What structure controls the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

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6
Q

The pancreatic islet cells control the release of _____, _____, and _____.

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

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7
Q

What hormones are secreted by the alpha vs beta vs delta pancreatic cells?

A 
Alpha = Glucagon
Beta = Insulin and Amylin 
Delta = Somatostatin
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8
Q

Describe the function of insulin versus glucagon.

A

Insulin = allows uptake of glucose from the bloodstream; suppresses hepatic glucose production

Glucagon = stimulate hepatic glucose production to raise glucose levels, especially in fasting state

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9
Q

Describe the function of Amylin versus Somatostatin.

A

Amylin = moderates rate of nutrient delivery (gastric emptying); suppresses release of glucagon

Somatostatin = suppresses the secretion of Insulin and glycogen; decreases gastric motility; decreases secretion and absorption of GI tract

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10
Q

What are 5 risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome?

A
  1. Abdominal obesity: men > 40 inches, women > 35 inches
  2. High triglyceride levels: 150 mg/dL or higher or using cholesterol medication
  3. Cholesterol: low HDL cholesterol; men < 40mg/dL, women < 50mg/dl or using cholesterol medication
  4. High BP: SBP >135 mmHg and or DBP > 85 mmHg
  5. Blood sugar: fasting glucose level 100 mg/dL or higher
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11
Q

How many risk factors must be present in order for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome to be made?

A

Diagnosis requires presence of 3 or more risk factors

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12
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by deficiency or absence of insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas or by defect of the insulin receptors

Causes abnormally high levels of sugar or glucose in the blood

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13
Q

Describe Type I DM. (4)

A
  1. Decrease in size and number of islet cells resulting in absolute deficiency in insulin secretion
  2. Usually affects children and young adults
  3. Insulin dependent: requires insulin delivery by injection, inhalation or pump
  4. Prone to ketoacidosis (presence of ketone bodies in urine)
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14
Q

Describe Type II DM. (3)

A
  1. Insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissue
  2. Not prone to ketoacidosis
  3. Progressive beta cell dysfunction
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15
Q

What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A

Glucose intolerance (high blood sugar) associated with pregnancy; most likely in the third trimester

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16
Q

List 8 signs and symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus.

A
  1. Elevated blood sugar
  2. Elevated sugar in urine
  3. Excessive excretion of urine (polyuria)
  4. Excessive thirst (polydipsia); dry mouth
  5. Excessive hunger
  6. Unexplained weight loss
  7. Fatigue
  8. Blurry vision, headaches
17
Q

What is diabetic polyneuropathy?

A

Symmetrical numbness and tingling of the hands and feet (stocking glove distribution) that begins distally and progresses proximally

18
Q

List 3 diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus.

A
  1. Casual plasma glucose concentration > or equal to 200 mg/dL
  2. Fasting plasma glucose > or equal to 126 mg/dL
  3. 2 hour post load glucose > or equal to 200 mg/dL
19
Q

List 8 signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.

A
  1. Glucose < 70 mg/dL
  2. Pallor
  3. Sweating
  4. Shakiness/trembling
  5. Tachycardia/palpitations
  6. Excessive hunger
  7. Dizziness
  8. Fatigue and weakness
20
Q

What should the PT do if a patient is experiencing a hypoglycemic versus hyperglycemic episode?

A

Hypoglycemia: provide sugar if patient is awake (juice, candy, glucose tablet); if patient is unresponsive seek immediate medical treatment (glucagon or IV glucose required)

Hyperglycemia: seek immediate medical treatment

21
Q

List 7 signs and symptoms associated with hyperglycemia.

A
  1. Glucose > 300 mg/dL
  2. Weakness
  3. Dry mouth, increased thirst
  4. Frequent, scant urination
  5. Decreased appetite (nausea/vomiting)
  6. Deep, rapid respirations
  7. Fruity odor to the breath (acetone breath)
22
Q

What BMI values indicate overweight, obesity and morbid obesity?

A

Overweight: BMI = 25-29.9
Obesity: BMI > or equal to 30
Morbid obesity: BMI > 40

23
Q

Skin caliber measurement of greater than _____ is indicative of excess body fat.

A

> 1 inch

24
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

An under active thyroid gland with deficient thyroid secretions (thyroxine); lower than normal T4 levels

25
Q

List 6 symptoms associated with hypothyroidism.

A
  1. Myalgia
  2. Proximal muscle weakness
  3. Constipation
  4. Fatigue
  5. Bradycardia
  6. Unexplained weight gain
26
Q

If hypothyroidism is untreated, the patient can develop _____.

A

Myxedema

Symptoms: swelling of hands, feet and face (can lead to coma and death)

27
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with excess section of thyroid hormone (thyroxine).

28
Q

List 9 signs and symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism.

A
  1. Nervousness
  2. Hyperreflexia
  3. Tremor
  4. Hunger
  5. Weight loss
  6. Fatigue
  7. Heat intolerance
  8. Diarrhea
  9. Tachycardia
29
Q

What is primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)?

A

Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function; results in decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone

30
Q

List 6 signs and symptoms associated with Addison’s disease.

A
  1. Increased bronze pigmentation of the skin
  2. Weakness, decreased endurance
  3. Anorexia, weight loss, dehydration
  4. Anxiety, depression
  5. Decreased tolerance to cold
  6. Intolerance to stress
31
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Metabolic disorder resulting from chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex

32
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Pituitary tumor with increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

33
Q

List 8 signs and symptoms associated with Cushing’s syndrome.

A
  1. Decreased glucose tolerance
  2. Round ‘moon’ face
  3. Obesity (buffalo hump)
  4. Decreased testosterone levels or menstrual periods
  5. Muscular atrophy
  6. Edema
  7. Hypokalemia
  8. Emotional changes

NPTE Other Systems (13 decks)

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