Hematologic And Renal Emergencies Flashcards
Solid components of blood are created in
The bone marrow that forms specialized core of many of the body’s bones.
RBC’s
Majority of cells in circulation, give blood red color, have specialized molecules called Hemoglobin that bind to oxygen and deliver oxygen to cells
WBC’s
Critically respond to infection and are major mediators of the body’s immune response
Platelets
Crucial in formation of clots
Clumping (aggregation) most rapid response to stop bleeding at injured site
What prevents aggregation of platelets
Aspirin, given to acute heart attack patient or potential heart attack
Situation of unwanted clumping of platelets not desirable?
When plaque in a coronary artery ruptures because it can cause a clot that then completely blocks the coronary artery leading to heart attack ( myocardial infarction )
Plasma
Liquid that blood and platelets are suspended, contains dissolved nutrients and crucial proteins like clotting factors
Two components in blood responsible for clotting
Platelets and clotting factors
describe Clotting cascades
Coagulopathy
Abnormal clotting of blood
When can Coagulopathy occur
When the body forms clots too readily or when the patient clots too slow = uncontrolled bleeding
Too slow coagulopathies
Are due to abnormally slow clotting by problems with clotting cascade a result of too few platelets or platelets that are not functioning correctly.
Diseases prone to poor clotting
Advance Liver Disease (clotting fractures made in liver)
Ex) Cirrhosis - not make adequate clotting factors
Genetic
Ex) Hemophiliacs - Von willebrand Disease most common inherited
Platelets functional defective allowing excessive bleeding
Medical conditions that worsen disease
Risk heart attack or strokes or abnormal cardiac rhythm like atrial fibrillation
Giving blood thinners
Blood thinners med
Coumadin , pradaxa, eliquis, xarelto, Lovenox
Inhibit certain clotting factors
Manage patients with potential coagulopathies past medical history
History of Dysrhymia called atrial fibrillation are common blood thinners
Ask trauma patients if taking blood thinners
Anemia
Lack of a normal number of red blood cells in circulation
Patients becomes anemic
Acute anemia or Chronic Anemia
Acute Anemia
May result of trauma or sudden massive bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract
Patients may show shock (hypo perfusion) rapid pulse rate cool, clammy, skin and eventually hypotension
Chronic Anemia
Occurs overtime possibly recurrent heavy menstraul periods, slow gastrointestinal blood loss, or diseases affect bone marrow or structure of hemoglobin molecule
Appear more pale complain fatigue and shortness of breath with exertion
Prolonged chronic anemia may show shock
Best way to asses color conjunctiva on the lower eyelid
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
Inherited, genetic defect in the hemoglobin that results in an abnormal structure of red blood cells
Lose ability to have normal shape compressibility
Most common in African Descent
Do not survive in circulation compare to normal RBC’s
Complication of SCA
Slugging abnormally shape red blood cells causes blockage within the body’s small blood vessels
Destruction of the spleen
Sickle cell pain crisis
Acute chest syndrome
Priapism
Stroke
Jaundice
Destruction of Spleen
Spleen filters blood, block by abnormal SBC’s because spleen is important in fighting infection, it’s loss places patients with SCA at higher risk for severe, life threatening infections.
Sickle cell pain crisis
Sickle cell crisis is caused by sluggish of sickles RBC’s in capillaries, which result in sever pain in the arms, legs, chest and or abdomen.
Acute chest syndrome
Characterized by shortness of breath and chest pain associated with hypoxia when blood vessels in the lungs become blocked.
Priapism
Painful prolonged erections in males occurs because smudging RBC’s prevent normal blood drainage from erect penis
Stroke
Occurs slugging RBCs block blood vessels that supply the brain
Jaundice
The liver becomes overwhelmed by the breakdown in red blood cells resulting in yellowish pigmentation of the body tissues
Renal system
Two kidneys, two ureters and single urethra
Kidneys
Filtration of the blood and the removal of certain waste products excessive salts and excessive fluids from the body
Dehydration retain needed fluid
Urinary tract Infections (UTIs)
Most common afflicts renal urinary systems; caused by bacteria most are limited to bladder
Painful and frequent urination
If untreated infection in bladder can ascend up the ureter and into kidney called pyelonephritis
Urinary infection can be serious life threats
If bacteria spread into bloodstream
Kidney stones
Painful and common related to renal system
Stones are made of calcium formed within the kidney
Kidney stones pain
Radiates to groin area when stone descends
Associated with Nausea and vomiting
Loss ability to urinate normally
Obstruction of the outflow from the bladder
Ex) tumor or large prostate or neurological disorder leads to lose initiate normal urine flow
Urinary catheter
Drain their urine, place in urethra, long term or short term
Urinary tract infections and local trauma two most commons= complications with urinary catheter
Renal Failure
Most serous disease of the kidneys
Kidneys lose ability to adequately filter the blood and remove toxins an excess fluid from body
Critical to patients health and survival
Control bleeding by clotting
Delivery of Oxygen to cells
Remove Co2 from cells
Removal and delivery of waste products to organs that provide filtration
