Hematologic And Renal Emergencies

Question 1

Solid components of blood are created in

Answer 1

The bone marrow that forms specialized core of many of the body’s bones.

Question 2

RBC’s

Answer 2

Majority of cells in circulation, give blood red color, have specialized molecules called Hemoglobin that bind to oxygen and deliver oxygen to cells

Question 3

WBC’s

Answer 3

Critically respond to infection and are major mediators of the body’s immune response

Question 4

Platelets

Answer 4

Crucial in formation of clots

Clumping (aggregation) most rapid response to stop bleeding at injured site

Question 5

What prevents aggregation of platelets

Answer 5

Aspirin, given to acute heart attack patient or potential heart attack

Question 6

Situation of unwanted clumping of platelets not desirable?

Answer 6

When plaque in a coronary artery ruptures because it can cause a clot that then completely blocks the coronary artery leading to heart attack ( myocardial infarction )

Question 7

Plasma

Answer 7

Liquid that blood and platelets are suspended, contains dissolved nutrients and crucial proteins like clotting factors

Question 8

Two components in blood responsible for clotting

Answer 8

Platelets and clotting factors

describe Clotting cascades

Question 9

Coagulopathy

Answer 9

Abnormal clotting of blood

Question 10

When can Coagulopathy occur

Answer 10

When the body forms clots too readily or when the patient clots too slow = uncontrolled bleeding

Question 11

Too slow coagulopathies

Answer 11

Are due to abnormally slow clotting by problems with clotting cascade a result of too few platelets or platelets that are not functioning correctly.

Question 12

Diseases prone to poor clotting

Answer 12

Advance Liver Disease (clotting fractures made in liver)
Ex) Cirrhosis - not make adequate clotting factors

Genetic

Ex) Hemophiliacs - Von willebrand Disease most common inherited

         Platelets functional defective allowing excessive bleeding

Question 13

Medical conditions that worsen disease

Answer 13

Risk heart attack or strokes or abnormal cardiac rhythm like atrial fibrillation

    Giving blood thinners

Question 14

Blood thinners med

Answer 14

Coumadin , pradaxa, eliquis, xarelto, Lovenox

Inhibit certain clotting factors

Question 15

Manage patients with potential coagulopathies past medical history

Answer 15

History of Dysrhymia called atrial fibrillation are common blood thinners

Ask trauma patients if taking blood thinners

Question 16

Anemia

Answer 16

Lack of a normal number of red blood cells in circulation

Question 17

Patients becomes anemic

Answer 17

Acute anemia or Chronic Anemia

Question 18

Acute Anemia

Answer 18

May result of trauma or sudden massive bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract

Patients may show shock (hypo perfusion) rapid pulse rate cool, clammy, skin and eventually hypotension

Question 19

Chronic Anemia

Answer 19

Occurs overtime possibly recurrent heavy menstraul periods, slow gastrointestinal blood loss, or diseases affect bone marrow or structure of hemoglobin molecule

Appear more pale complain fatigue and shortness of breath with exertion

Prolonged chronic anemia may show shock

Best way to asses color conjunctiva on the lower eyelid

Question 20

Sickle cell anemia (SCA)

Answer 20

Inherited, genetic defect in the hemoglobin that results in an abnormal structure of red blood cells

Lose ability to have normal shape compressibility

Most common in African Descent

Do not survive in circulation compare to normal RBC’s

Question 21

Complication of SCA

Answer 21

Slugging abnormally shape red blood cells causes blockage within the body’s small blood vessels

Destruction of the spleen

Sickle cell pain crisis

Acute chest syndrome

Priapism

Stroke

Jaundice

Question 22

Destruction of Spleen

Answer 22

Spleen filters blood, block by abnormal SBC’s because spleen is important in fighting infection, it’s loss places patients with SCA at higher risk for severe, life threatening infections.

Question 23

Sickle cell pain crisis

Answer 23

Sickle cell crisis is caused by sluggish of sickles RBC’s in capillaries, which result in sever pain in the arms, legs, chest and or abdomen.

Question 24

Acute chest syndrome

Answer 24

Characterized by shortness of breath and chest pain associated with hypoxia when blood vessels in the lungs become blocked.

Question 25

Priapism

Answer 25

Painful prolonged erections in males occurs because smudging RBC’s prevent normal blood drainage from erect penis

Question 26

Stroke

Answer 26

Occurs slugging RBCs block blood vessels that supply the brain

Question 27

Jaundice

Answer 27

The liver becomes overwhelmed by the breakdown in red blood cells resulting in yellowish pigmentation of the body tissues

Question 28

Renal system

Answer 28

Two kidneys, two ureters and single urethra

Question 29

Kidneys

Answer 29

Filtration of the blood and the removal of certain waste products excessive salts and excessive fluids from the body

Dehydration retain needed fluid

Question 30

Urinary tract Infections (UTIs)

Answer 30

Most common afflicts renal urinary systems; caused by bacteria most are limited to bladder

Painful and frequent urination

If untreated infection in bladder can ascend up the ureter and into kidney called pyelonephritis

Question 31

Urinary infection can be serious life threats

Answer 31

If bacteria spread into bloodstream

Question 32

Kidney stones

Answer 32

Painful and common related to renal system

Stones are made of calcium formed within the kidney

Question 33

Kidney stones pain

Answer 33

Radiates to groin area when stone descends

Associated with Nausea and vomiting

Question 34

Loss ability to urinate normally

Answer 34

Obstruction of the outflow from the bladder

Ex) tumor or large prostate or neurological disorder leads to lose initiate normal urine flow

Question 35

Urinary catheter

Answer 35

Drain their urine, place in urethra, long term or short term

Urinary tract infections and local trauma two most commons= complications with urinary catheter

Question 36

Renal Failure

Answer 36

Most serous disease of the kidneys

Kidneys lose ability to adequately filter the blood and remove toxins an excess fluid from body

Question 37

Critical to patients health and survival

Answer 37

Control bleeding by clotting
Delivery of Oxygen to cells
Remove Co2 from cells
Removal and delivery of waste products to organs that provide filtration