Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 195 > Hematologic and Immune Function > Flashcards

Hematologic and Immune Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary cell types?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Thrombocytes
  • Leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What consists primarily of hemoglobin, contains and carries iron and carries oxygen to tissues, lives for 120 days?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What protein molecule in RBC’s carries oxygen to the tissues and returns CO2 back to the lungs for excretion (exhale)?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the percent of blood volume consisting erythrocytes called?

A

hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the male and females percentages of hematocrit?

A

Male: 40 - 53%
Female: 37 - 47 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What fights infection, lives days to years, depending on the type?

A

Leukocytes (WBC’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process of replenishing the supply of cells called?

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What provides basis for coagulation to occur, maintains hemostasis, lives 7 - 10 days?

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Balance of the body is called?

A

hemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the two stem cells.

A

Myeloid and Lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are primitive cells that have the ability to self-replicate, differentiation into either myeloid or lymphoid?

A

stem cells!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which stem cell differentiates into either erythrocytes, leukocytes, or platelets?

A

Myeloid Stem Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which stem cell differentiates into either T lymphocytes (Thymus) or B lymphocytes (bone marrow)?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What attack foreign substances in the body?

A

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are toxin, foreign substances in the body?

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What generates antibodies to attack antigens and disable them.

A

B Lymphocytes (B cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What moves from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they differentiate and mature to become helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

A

T Lymphocytes (T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do you assess for in patients with a low hemoglobin and hematocrit?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea
  • Activity intolerance
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Pallor
  • Jaundice
  • Tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conjunctival pallor =

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the hemoglobin values for a male and female?

A

Male: 14 - 18 g/dL
Female: 12 - 16 g/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the hematocrit values for a male and female?

A

Male: 40 - 52%
Female: 37 - 47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are normal platelet values?

A

140,000 - 400,000 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are normal RBC values?

A

4.0 - 5.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

low hct/hgb may be asymptotic at first due to?

A

compensatory mechanisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

S/S of decreased oxygenation to vital organs:

A
  • fatigue
  • dyspnea
  • palpations
  • poor activity tolerance
  • headaches
  • tinnitus
  • anorexia
  • indigestion
  • irritability
  • difficulty sleeping or concentrating
  • abnormal menstruation
  • impotence in males
  • loss of libido
  • chest pain
  • SOB
  • PALLOR**
  • tachycardia
  • flow murmurs
  • jaundice, splenomegaly (hemolytic anemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Normal WBC:

A

5,000 - 10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Normal absolute neutrophil count:

A

> 1,800/ul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do you assess for in patient with a low white blood cell count?

A
  • absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
  • < 500/mm server neutropenia
  • total WBC x (%segs+%bands) = ANC
  • signs of infection
  • FEVER: > 100.4 F
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q 
Normal values for-
Segments:
Bands:
Monocytes:
Basophils;
Eosinophils:
Lymphocytes:
A
  • 38-71% of total WBC
  • 0-10% of total
  • 2-15% of total
  • 0-1% of total
  • 20-40% of total
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the math for ANC:

A

Total WBC x (%seg +%bands) = ANC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Any ANC greater than 2,000mm is not an indictor of?

A

neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Any ANC <500/mm is severely?

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fever must be addressed?

A

immediately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

True or false:

Leukocytes protect the body against infection and tissue injury?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What granulocytes are involved in parasitic and allergic reactions?
** neutralizes histamine, digests foreign proteins.

A

eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What granulocytes are released in response to exposure to allergens?

A

basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What granulocytes prevent or limit bacterial infection viz phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are medications to consider when checking WBC?

A
  • chemo
  • radiation
  • TB
  • HIV
  • leukemia
  • lymphoma
  • cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do you assess for in pt’s at risk for bleeding?

A
  • platelet count (<100,000/mm is thrombocytopenia)
  • platelet count (<50,000/mm is bleeding precautions)
  • platelet count (<10,000/mm *high risk for spontaneous bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage)
  • petechiae
  • ecchymosis
  • bleeding gums
  • hypotension
  • neurological changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

platelet count for thrombocytopenia?

A

< 100,000/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

platelet count for bleeding precautions?

A

< 50,000/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

platelet count that makes you HIGH RISK for spontaneous bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage!!

A

< 10,000/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

hemoglobin levels:

A

male: 14-18g/dL
female: 12-16g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

hematocrit levels:

A

male: 40-52%
female: 37-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

platelets levels:

A

140,000-400,000/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

red blood cell levels:

A

4.0-5.5/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Petechiae are most often seen in _______, and are first seen on the _____ and then _______ ________.

A
  • clusters
  • extremities
  • mucous membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

With prolonged thrombocytopenia _______ are found on the truck and throughout the body.

A

petechiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

With severe thrombocytopenia monitor for?

A
  • subtle changes in mental status.

ex: irritability, restlessness, and headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do you assess for while caring for patient with immune disorders?

A
  • health history: diseases/disorders, allergies, autoimmune disorders, diet, meds, travel
  • common complaints: impaired wound healing, fatigue, recurrent infections, weight loss, lymphadenopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q 
Specific complaints for:
Systemic lupus erythematosus:
Rheumatoid arthritis:
HIV:
Anaphylactic reaction:
A
  • butterfly rash
  • joint deformities
  • thrush
  • erythema, hoarseness, and dyspnea
54
Q

Autoimmune disorders:

A
  • SLE
  • RA
  • psoriasis
    (on set, severity, remissions and exacerbations, limitations, and treatments.)
55
Q

Neoplastic diseases:

A
  • CA, any family hx of CA.

type, onset, relationship of family member, treatment

56
Q

CA-treatment can cause?

A

immunosuppression

57
Q

What are the hematological cancers?

A
  • leukemia

- lymphoma

58
Q

Leukemia and lymphoma are associated with altered production and function of?

A

WBC’s and lymphocytes

59
Q

Chronic illness:

A
  • DM:
  • Renal disease
  • COPD
  • Fibromyalgia
60
Q

What increases incidence of infection, associated with neuropathy, microvascular disease, microvascular dysfunction?

A

DM (diabetes m)

61
Q

Deficiency in circulating lymphocytes can cause:

A

renal failure (renal disease)

62
Q

Recurrent respiratory tract infections, altered inspiratory and expiratory function and ineffective airway clearance can cause:

A

COPD

63
Q

Check medication for which chronic illness?

A

fibromyalgia

64
Q

What can impair skin integrity which in turn compromises the body’s fist line of defense?

A

burns

65
Q

What deficiencies can lead to immune function suppression?

A
  • vitamins

- minerals

66
Q

Depletion of protein reserves results in?

A
  • atrophy of lymphoid tissues
  • depression of antibody response
  • reduction in # of circulation T-cells
  • impaired phagocytic function
67
Q

How could altered nutrition lead to delayed post-op recovery?

A
  • more serious infections

- delayed wound healing

68
Q

Antibiotics, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, salicylates, NSAIDs, anesthetics can cause?

A
  • immune suppression
69
Q

There is a small risk for blood transfusion r/t?

A

HIV

70
Q

What do you assess the skin/mucous membranes for in patients with immune disorders?

A
  • lesions
  • dermatitis
  • purpura (subcutaneous bleeding)
  • urticarial
  • inflammation
  • discharge
71
Q

What do you assess for signs of infection in patients with immune disorders?

A
  • temperature
  • chills
  • seating
  • fever
72
Q

What do you assess the lymph nodes for in patients with immune disorders?

A
  • palpate for enlargement (lymphadenopathy apathy)
73
Q

Lymphadenopathy indicated?

A
  • immune system activation against pathogens
74
Q

What do you assess the joints for in patients with immune disorders?

A
  • tenderness
  • swelling
  • increased warmth
  • limited range of motion
75
Q

In patients with immune disorders limited range of motion can mean?

A
  • infiltration by leukocytes, including macrophages and cytokines
76
Q

What labs do you assess for patient with immune disorders?

A
  • CBC with diff
  • peripheral blood smear
  • bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
  • skin testing
77
Q

What lab do you look are to assess for presence of infection?

A

WBC’s they are elevated.

78
Q

What lab is usually normal with allergic reactions?

A

WBC’s

79
Q 
Eosinophils:
normal: 
mild:
moderate:
severe:
A
  • 1-3% of WBCs
  • 5-25%
  • 15-40%
  • 50-90%
80
Q

A mild amount of eosinophils suggests?

A

allergic reaction

81
Q

A moderate amount of eosinophils is seen in?

A
  • allergic disorders
  • malignancy
  • immunodeficiencies
  • parasitic infection
  • congenital heart disease
  • peritoneal dialysis
82
Q

A severe amount of eosinophils is called?

A
  • hypereosinophilic syndrome
83
Q

What checks the shape and size of the erythrocytes and platelets, and the appearance of leukocytes?

A
  • peripheral blood smear
84
Q

What allows you to assess how blood cells are being formed and quantity and quality of each type of cell produce, and infection or tumor within marrow?

A
  • bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
85
Q

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is usually aspiration from the ______ ___ ____, aspiration can cause a sudden and sharp, brief pain, resulting from suction exerted as the marrow is aspirated into the syringe, relaxation/deep breaths helpful.

A
  • posterior iliac crest
86
Q

Skin testing assess for specific?

A

allergan

87
Q

Types of skin tests:

A
  • prick skin tests
  • scratch tests
  • intradermal skin tests
88
Q

Positive skin tests:

A
  • wheal: raised, round reddened area.

- localized erythema

89
Q

What are the classifications of anemia?

A
  • normocytic
  • microcytic
  • macrocytic
90
Q

Anemia is usually classified by the shape of?

A
  • the RBC
91
Q

Normocytic anemia is?

A
  • normal or average size
92
Q

Microcytic anemia is?

A
  • smaller than normal cell size with reduced amounts of hgb.
93
Q

Macrocytic anemia is?

A
  • larger than normal cell size, large in size, thickness, and volume.
94
Q

Anemia can also be described by color what are the three colors:

A
  • normochromic: normal in color
  • hyperchromic: darker cellular contents
  • hypochromic: pale or lighter cellular contents
95
Q

What are the normocytic anemias?

A
  • aplastic anemia
  • acute blood loss
  • hemolytic anemia
96
Q

What are the microcytic anemias?

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
97
Q

What are the macrocytic anemias?

A
  • folic acid deficiency

- vitamin B12 deficiency

98
Q

Expected lab values for normocytic anemia?

A
  • normal: MCV, MCHC

- decreased: Hgb, Hct

99
Q

Expected lab values for microcytic anemia?

A
  • decreased MCV, MCHC

- decreased Hgb, Hct

100
Q

Expected lab values for macrocytic anemia?

A
  • elevated MCV
  • normal MCHC
  • decreased Hgb, Hct
101
Q

MCV means?

A

mean corpuscular volume (average volume of red cells)

102
Q

MCHC means?

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (measures the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell)

103
Q

What type of anemia has a decrease in or damage to marrow stem cells that causes cell death and bone marrow failure?
** hereditary or acquired.

A
  • aplastic anemia
104
Q

What type of anemia is inherited or acquired, has RBC membrane damage, ineffective RBC production, and hemolysis?

A
  • hemolytic anemia (also known as sickle cell)
105
Q

Hemolytic anemia causes fewer erythrocytes resulting in decreased _______, causing _______, which stimulates an increases in erythropoietin release from the kidneys, which causes bone marrow to release erythrocytes prematurely as ________.

A
  • oxygen
  • hypoxia
  • reticulocytes
106
Q

What type of anemia is a result of chronic blood loss or demands for iron exceeding iron intake?

A
  • iron deficiency
107
Q

Decreased iron results in?

A
  • use and depletion of iron stores, thus causing decreased Hgb production.
108
Q

Risk for iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • chronic blood loss
  • premenopausal women
  • pregnancy
  • chronic alcoholism
109
Q

causes of chronic blood loss?

A
  • ulcers
  • gastritis
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • GI tumors
110
Q

What are the causes of folic acid deficiency?

A
  • inadequate intake

- impaired absorption (ETOH)

111
Q

What is folate found in?

A
  • green vegetables

- liver

112
Q

What are the causes for B12 deficiency?

A
  • decreased/absence of intrinsic factor

- malabsorption

113
Q

What is B12 found in?

A
  • meats
  • liver
  • organ meats
  • clams
  • sardines
  • beef
  • tuna
  • fortified cereals
114
Q

The patient comes in with:

  • symptoms gradual
  • normal MCV
  • decreased reticulocytes
  • decreased WBC, Hgb, Hct, Platelets

What type of anemia is this?

A
  • aplastic anemia (normocytic)
115
Q

The patient comes in with:

  • jaundice
  • normal MCV
  • elevated bilirubin
  • elevated reticulocytes

What type of anemia is this?

A
  • hemolytic anemia (sickle cell)
116
Q

The patient comes in with:

  • pica
  • smooth, red tongue
  • decreased MCV
  • decreased iron, ferritin, and iron saturation

What type of anemia is this?

A
  • iron deficiency anemia (microcytic)
117
Q

The patient comes in with:

  • beefy, fiery red and fore tongue
  • increased MCV
  • decreased folate

What type of anemia is this?

A
  • folic acid deficiency (macrocytic)
118
Q

The patient comes in with:

  • neuro changes: neuropathy, paresthesia, changes in coordination
  • lack of intrinsic factor
  • increased MCV
  • decreased B12 levels
A
  • B12 deficiency (macrocytic)
119
Q

Things that put you at risk for lack of intrinsic factor causing B12 deficiency?
** can take as much as you want but not be able to utilize it.

A
  • faulty absorption in GI tract
  • Crohn’s disease
  • ill resection
  • gastrectomy
  • absence of intrinsic factor
120
Q

B12/Folic acid deficiency gradually progresses until severe you may see _____ _____ and patchy loss of ______ _________.

A
  • premature graying

- skin pigmentation

121
Q

*Vitamin B12 keeps ____ and ____ ____ healthy, you may see s/s of _____ damage, such as _______.

A
  • nerves
  • blood cells
  • nerve
  • neuropathy
122
Q

MVC if low (microcytic anemia) this is a shortage of?

A

hgb, not being formed properly

123
Q

MVC if high (macrocytic anemia) this is shortage of?

A

DNA precursors

124
Q

How would you manage aplastic anemia?

A
  • bone marrow transplant/peripheral blood stem transplant
  • steroids/immunosuppressants
  • assess: neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
125
Q

How would you manage hemolytic anemia?

A
  • immunosuppressive therapy

- my need a splenectomy

126
Q

How would you manage iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • prevention
  • iron rich foods
  • vitamin C
  • education
  • anticipate iron replacement (ferrous sulfate)
127
Q

How would you manage folic acid deficiency?

A
  • education
  • folate enriched foods
  • meds
  • mouth care
128
Q

How would you manage B12 deficiency?

A
  • education
  • diet
  • B12 injections if lack of intrinsic factor
129
Q

pernicious anemia is more common in? why?

A
  • the elderly

- the stomach wall atrophies and fails to secrete intrinsic factor.

130
Q

The elderly is at risk for leukopenia which increases?

A

the risk for infection.

131
Q

The elderly has a decrease response to?

A

antigens

NUR 195 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions