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prnu 232 > Hem Onc > Flashcards

Hem Onc Flashcards

1
Q

where are blood cells formed?

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

what is plasma made of?

A

water
ions
proteins
nutrients
waste
gasses

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3
Q

what is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

8-10 days

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4
Q

what is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

90 days

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5
Q

what percent of blood is made up of platelets and WBCs?

A

1%

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6
Q

what percent of the blood is RBCs?

A

about 44%

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7
Q

where are blood cells made in children?

A

mostly long bones

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8
Q

where are blood cells made in adults?

A

flat bones
pelvis, sternum, spine, skull

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9
Q

what is a CBC?

A

evaluation of blood cell types present
WBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets

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10
Q

what is a CBC with differential?

A

includes types of WBCs present
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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11
Q

what does it mean if eosinophils are elevated?

A

allergic reaction

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12
Q

what does it mean if lymphocytes are elevated?

A

viral infection

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13
Q

what do eosinophils fight?

A

parasitic infection

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14
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

help with phagocytosis

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15
Q

what do basophils do?

A

inflammatory and allergic reactions

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16
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

produce specific immune response
B, T, NK cells

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17
Q

what do monocytes do?

A

fight bacteria, viruses, fungi

18
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

% of circulating RBCs

19
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A

has higher binding affinity than adult hemoglobin

20
Q

what is anemia?

A

inadequate number of RBCs for body requirements

21
Q

symptoms of anemia

A

weakness
pallor
fatigue
poor concentration
cool skin
tachycardia
hypotension

22
Q

what occurs in sickle cell disease?

A

healthy RBCs are destroyed, have sickle shape that can cause obstruction of blood flow

23
Q

cause of sickle cell disease

A

autosomal recessive
8% of african americans have recessive trait

24
Q

what is a sickle cell pain crisis?

A

tangled sickle cells cause obstruction and inflammation

microvascular occlusion causes local hypoxia, ischemia, and infarct

25
Q

when does sickle cell disease manifest, and why?

A

late in infancy because fetal hemoglobin prevents sickling of RBCs

26
Q

treating sickle cell disease

A

hydroxyurea
rest
hydration
electrolyte replacement
pain control

27
Q

what is beta thalassemia?

A

causes microcytic anemia

28
Q

manifestations of untreated beta thalassemia

A

poor growth
skeletal abnormalities
jaundice

29
Q

what is iron overload?

A

iron deposited in heart, liver, endocrine glands

can cause hypogonadism and DM from endocrinopathies

30
Q

splenomegaly

A

occurs in symptomatic thalassemia
can worsen anemia
can cause neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

31
Q

why are thromboembolic events common with beta thalassemia?

A

they may develop hypercoagulable state, common to develop after splenectomy

32
Q

what is MCV?

A

mean corpuscular volume

measures average size of RBCs

33
Q

lab values to differentiate between thalassemia and IDA

A

ferritin is normal in thalassemia and low in IDA

34
Q

petechiae and purpura vs rash

A

rash will blanch
bleeding under skin will not blanch

35
Q

what is IgA vasculitis?

A

inflammation causes capillaries to be porous and present with purpura

36
Q

what is the leading cause of death by disease in children?

A

cancer

37
Q

what is the overall survival rate of childhood cancer?

A

about 90%

38
Q

most common types of cancer in children

A

leukemia
CNS tumors
lymphomas
neuroblastoma

39
Q

pathophysiology of leukemia

A

abnormal regulation and maturation of blood cells

pancytopenia = immature cells in bone marrow compete with normal cells for nutrients and space to grow

40
Q

signs and symptoms of leukemia

A

bleeding, bruising
hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly
fatigue, pallor, fever
bone pain
weight loss

41
Q

what is considered standard risk for ALL?

A

age 1-9
WBC<50,000

prnu 232 (7 decks)

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