Hem Onc

Question 1

where are blood cells formed?

Answer 1

bone marrow

Question 2

what is plasma made of?

Answer 2

water
ions
proteins
nutrients
waste
gasses

Question 3

what is the lifespan of a platelet?

Answer 3

8-10 days

Question 4

what is the lifespan of a RBC?

Answer 4

90 days

Question 5

what percent of blood is made up of platelets and WBCs?

Answer 5

1%

Question 6

what percent of the blood is RBCs?

Answer 6

about 44%

Question 7

where are blood cells made in children?

Answer 7

mostly long bones

Question 8

where are blood cells made in adults?

Answer 8

flat bones
pelvis, sternum, spine, skull

Question 9

what is a CBC?

Answer 9

evaluation of blood cell types present
WBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets

Question 10

what is a CBC with differential?

Answer 10

includes types of WBCs present
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 11

what does it mean if eosinophils are elevated?

Answer 11

allergic reaction

Question 12

what does it mean if lymphocytes are elevated?

Answer 12

viral infection

Question 13

what do eosinophils fight?

Answer 13

parasitic infection

Question 14

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 14

help with phagocytosis

Question 15

what do basophils do?

Answer 15

inflammatory and allergic reactions

Question 16

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 16

produce specific immune response
B, T, NK cells

Question 17

what do monocytes do?

Answer 17

fight bacteria, viruses, fungi

Question 18

what is hematocrit?

Answer 18

% of circulating RBCs

Question 19

fetal hemoglobin

Answer 19

has higher binding affinity than adult hemoglobin

Question 20

what is anemia?

Answer 20

inadequate number of RBCs for body requirements

Question 21

symptoms of anemia

Answer 21

weakness
pallor
fatigue
poor concentration
cool skin
tachycardia
hypotension

Question 22

what occurs in sickle cell disease?

Answer 22

healthy RBCs are destroyed, have sickle shape that can cause obstruction of blood flow

Question 23

cause of sickle cell disease

Answer 23

autosomal recessive
8% of african americans have recessive trait

Question 24

what is a sickle cell pain crisis?

Answer 24

tangled sickle cells cause obstruction and inflammation

microvascular occlusion causes local hypoxia, ischemia, and infarct

Question 25

when does sickle cell disease manifest, and why?

Answer 25

late in infancy because fetal hemoglobin prevents sickling of RBCs

Question 26

treating sickle cell disease

Answer 26

hydroxyurea rest hydration electrolyte replacement pain control

Question 27

what is beta thalassemia?

Answer 27

causes microcytic anemia

Question 28

manifestations of untreated beta thalassemia

Answer 28

poor growth skeletal abnormalities jaundice

Question 29

what is iron overload?

Answer 29

iron deposited in heart, liver, endocrine glands can cause hypogonadism and DM from endocrinopathies

Question 30

splenomegaly

Answer 30

occurs in symptomatic thalassemia can worsen anemia can cause neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

Question 31

why are thromboembolic events common with beta thalassemia?

Answer 31

they may develop hypercoagulable state, common to develop after splenectomy

Question 32

what is MCV?

Answer 32

mean corpuscular volume measures average size of RBCs

Question 33

lab values to differentiate between thalassemia and IDA

Answer 33

ferritin is normal in thalassemia and low in IDA

Question 34

petechiae and purpura vs rash

Answer 34

rash will blanch bleeding under skin will not blanch

Question 35

what is IgA vasculitis?

Answer 35

inflammation causes capillaries to be porous and present with purpura

Question 36

what is the leading cause of death by disease in children?

Answer 36

cancer

Question 37

what is the overall survival rate of childhood cancer?

Answer 37

about 90%

Question 38

most common types of cancer in children

Answer 38

leukemia CNS tumors lymphomas neuroblastoma

Question 39

pathophysiology of leukemia

Answer 39

abnormal regulation and maturation of blood cells pancytopenia = immature cells in bone marrow compete with normal cells for nutrients and space to grow

Question 40

signs and symptoms of leukemia

Answer 40

bleeding, bruising hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly fatigue, pallor, fever bone pain weight loss

Question 41

what is considered standard risk for ALL?

Answer 41

age 1-9 WBC<50,000