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CPCE > Helping Relationships > Flashcards

Helping Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

What is wellness?

A

It is a holistic concept that refers to a persons overall healthy state of being. Wellness means being not only physically healthy but also mentally, psychologically, and spiritually healthy.

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2
Q

What are the five factors in the indivisible self model of wellness?

A

That essential self which includes spirituality, self-care, gender identity, and cultural identity

The social self which includes friendship and love

The creative self which includes thinking, emotions, control, positive humor, and work.

The physical self which includes exercise and nutrition

The coping self which includes realistic beliefs, stress management, self worth, and leisure

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3
Q

What is the therapeutic alliance?

A

The working alliance or therapeutic relationship between the client and the counselor.

It is considered one of the most important predictors of whether clients will benefit, regardless of the theoretical orientation of the counselor and the type of client problem.

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4
Q

What did Carl Rogers propose were the six necessary and sufficient conditions for client change?

A

Psychological contacts between the counselor and client. There needs to be a relationship.

Client incongruence between experience and awareness which leaves and feeling vulnerable and anxious.

Counselor congruence within the therapeutic relationship and possibly uses self disclosure to establish and build rapport with the client.

Counselor uses unconditional positive regard and demonstrating nonjudgmental attitude toward the client and unconditionally accepts the client.

The counselor uses empathy to understand the clients worldview and communicates this to the client in order to reinforce unconditional positive regard.

Clients perception of the relationship with the counselor.

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5
Q

What are the three into related elements composing the therapeutic relationship?

A

The working alliance, transference relationship, and the real relationship

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6
Q

The “collaboration for a change” in the working alliance involves three constructs. What are they?

A

Agreement on the goals of counseling

Agreement on the tasks that will help the client achieve his or her goals

The psychological bond between the counselor and the client

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7
Q

What are three theories of why clients are resistant in therapy?

A

Anxiety control - proposed by Freud, resistance is due to re-pression of unsavory or anxiety causing memories that are part of their unconscious.

Noncompliance - resistance is displayed when clients do not complete their homework. The three common reasons are

a) the lack of necessary skills or knowledge to follow through on the assignment
b) negative expectations or cognition of the client about therapeutic outcome of process
c) undesirable environmental conditions.

Negative social influence - caused by a negative dynamic in the counselor – client relationship or a clients desire for power or control but in the counseling relationship

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8
Q

What are the five factors in the five factor model of personality?

A

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

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9
Q

What assessment is used to measure the five factors of personality?

A

The NEO Personality inventory revised

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10
Q

What are the stages of change, also referred to as the trans theoretical model of behavioral change?

A

It’s conceptualizes the client change process as a series of six progressive stages that developed over time.

Precontemplation

Contemplation

Preparation

Action

Maintenance

Termination

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11
Q

What are the different consultation models?

A

Triadic-dependent model

Collaborative – dependent model

Collaborative – interdependent model

Kaplan’s mental health consultation model

Process consultation model

Behavioral consultation model

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12
Q

What is the triadic – dependent model a consultation?

A

When a consultant seeks advice from an expert, (the consultant) about a third-party, (usually the client).

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13
Q

What is the collaborative – dependent model of consultation?

A

The consultee still relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem. It is a collaboration where both parties possess distinctive abilities and information that are critical to reaching a solution.

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14
Q

What is the collaborative – interdependent model of consultation?

A

There is no expert in this model. Everyone who participates in the consultation process holds equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge.

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15
Q

What is Caplan’s mental health consultation model?

A

The model involves consultation between two professionals about a current work problem. The over arching goal of this approach is to improve the consultees ability to deal with current and future work problems and to improve job performance.

There are four types of mental health consultation:

Client centered case consultation

Consultee centered case consultation

Program centered administrative consultation

Consultee centered administrative consultation

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16
Q

What is the process consultation model?

A

It emphasizes the establishment and development of a relationship between the consultant and the client. Consultants can help clients to take pro active steps to deal with their problems and improve their situation.

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17
Q

What is the behavioral consultation model?

A

It is based on operant conditioning and involves a collegial relationship between the consultant and consulted. The consultant is viewed as the authority figure who assumes primary responsibility for the outcome of the consultation. The primary focus of this model is on behavior modification.

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18
Q

What is determinism?

A

Contends that peoples actions are predetermined by forces of which they are unaware. It is a central theme in psychoanalytic theory.

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19
Q

In psychoanalytic theory there are three kinds of conscious mind. What are they?

A

Conscious mind – aware of everything occurring in the present

Preconscious mind - combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious minds

Unconscious mind – the most nebulous part of a persons mind. It contains memories, instincts, and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a persons conscious awareness.

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20
Q

What is psychoanalysis known for?

A

Making the unknown known. Increasing clients awareness of their unconscious motivations. Help clients address and resolve the psychosexual developmental stages, learn effective coping mechanisms, and become more insightful about themselves.

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21
Q

What are some psychoanalytic techniques?

A

Free association - clients are encouraged to speak about early life memories without thinking and to say anything that occurs to them.

Dream analysis - frayed considered them to be the royal road to the unconscious and that dreams represent unmet wishes and desires.

Interpretation - where the psychoanalyst interprets the meaning of clients thoughts, emotions, behavior, and dreams to increase their self awareness and understanding of their unconscious desires.

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22
Q

In Psychoanalysis, is transference a good or bad thing?

A

Transference is encouraged because it gives clients an emotional release and allows the psychoanalyst to interpret the behavior and raise the clients self awareness.

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23
Q

What are the neo – Freudian approaches?

A

Ego psychology

Interpersonal psychoanalysis

Object relations theory

Self psychology

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24
Q

What theory is Alfred Adler known for?

A

Individual psychology, also known as Adlerian psychology.

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25
Q

Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?

A

The ego

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26
Q

What is individual psychology known for?

A

That clients lifestyles, cognitive fictions, and family constellations help them develop insight into their own lives and change their lifestyles to one that promotes greater growth and wholeness.

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27
Q

What are some concepts tied to Adlerian theory?

A

Inferiority complex

Birth order

Lifestyle

Fictions

Techniques

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28
Q

What is a phenomenological philosophy?

A

Asserted by Adler that it was not merely early events that influence a persons life style but rather the person’s perception of those events.

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29
Q

What are fictions in regards to individual psychology?

A

Peoples beliefs about themselves and others that are false. Fictions can lead to negative behaviors.

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30
Q

What are seven Adlerian techniques?

A

A lifestyle analysis

Encouragement

Acting as if

Asking the question

Spitting in the clients soup

Catching oneself

Pushbutton technique

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31
Q

What is the focus of Jungian analytic psychology?

A

It focuses on the role of the larger culture, spirituality, dreams, and symbolism in understanding the human psyche. The goal is to help people develop appropriate contact with their unconscious so that they are neither overwhelmed by it nor completely unaware of it forces.

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32
Q

What is individuation in regards to Jungian analytic psychology?

A

The process of discovering ones true inner self.

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33
Q

What concepts are associated with Jungian psychology?

A

The unconscious

Archetypes

Complexes

Personality types

Jungian Techniques

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34
Q

What are the two types of unconscious in regards to Jungian psychology?

A

Personal unconscious – it is unique to the individual and includes information that has been conscious but has now been forgotten or repressed.

Collective unconscious – not unique to each individual but shared by the entire human race. Residing within the collective unconscious are archetypes, or overarching human tendencies.

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35
Q

What are archetypes?

A

Inherent templates for human thought and behavior. Also can be thought of as patterns of human experience that have existed since the dawn of humanity.

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36
Q

What are some of the most prominent archetypes found within the collective unconscious?

A

The self - contains the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype.

The persona - The psychological masks that all humans wear.

The shadow - The repressed or unknown aspects of each person.

The anima - female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men.

The animus - male traits that exist in the collective unconscious of women.

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37
Q

What is a complex in regards to Jungian psychology?

A

They symbolize issues that a person needs to resolve. They usually revolve around an archetype.

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38
Q

What are some Jungian techniques?

A

Dream interpretation

Explication – Why certain objects appeared in their dreams

Amplification - to help understand images in dreams. Comparing the dreamers image to stories or images and myths, fairytales, literature, art, and folklore.

Active imagination - actively talk to the characters in their dreams as a way of connecting with the unconscious.

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39
Q

What is shaping in regards to behavioral theories?

A

It is a technique that reinforces successive approximations of the desired behavior. A new task is broken down into smaller steps, with the successful accomplishment of each step being reinforced, gradually building up to the performance of the target behavior.

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40
Q

What is extinction in regards to behavioral theories?

A

The termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement.

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41
Q

What is environmental planning in regards to behavioral theories?

A

Involves having clients rearrange their environments to encourage or discourage certain behaviors.

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42
Q

What is behavioral rehearsal or role playing in regards to behavioral theories?

A

A technique where clients practice or rehearse new behaviors in a safe environment until they feel confident enough to try the new behaviors outside of the counseling environment.

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43
Q

What is assertiveness training in regards to behavioral theories?

A

A technique that teaches clients the distinction between aggression, passivity, and assertiveness.

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44
Q

What are contingency contacts in regards to behavioral theories?

A

A technique presented in the form of a chart or table that lists desired behaviors, provides a space for noting whether the desired behaviors were achieved, and describes the conditions that must be met for the individual to be rewarded.

Most commonly used with children.

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45
Q

What is a token economy in regards to behavioral theories?

A

A technique most commonly used with children that provides rewards for demonstrating desired behavior.

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46
Q

What is a response cost in regards to behavioral theories?

A

A technique that reduces undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement. It is often used in conjunction with a token economy.

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47
Q

What is implosion or implosive therapy in regards to behavioral theories?

A

Involves having clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them severe anxiety until they become desensitized to them.

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48
Q

What is Time out in regards to behavioral theories?

A

It is an aversive behavioral techniques that removes a child so that he or she is no longer able to receive any kind of positive reinforcement.

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49
Q

What is overcorrection in regards to behavioral theories?

A

An aversive behavioral technique that requires the client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the undesirable behavior and then to make the environment better. Often, overcorrection is done repeatedly to serve as a deterrent to future misbehavior.

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50
Q

What is cognitive behavior modification approach?

A

It was created by Donald Meichenbaum and is an approach that trains clients to alter their internal cognitions, also known as self talk, in order to change the way they react and respond to situations.

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51
Q

What is the assumption underlying they cognitive - behavior modification approach?

A

Faulty self statements lead to deleterious behavior and negative emotions.

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52
Q

What are some techniques of the cognitive behavior modification approach?

A

Cognitive restructuring – a technique used to help clients adjust their self talk by targeting self statements that results in problematic behaviors or feelings and replacing the self statements with new statements that are more rational, logical, and positive.

Self instructional training – teaches clients how to alter their thoughts and behavior by demonstrating appropriate behaviors and thoughts to clients.

Stress inoculation training – clients identify their stressors and which aspects of stress that they can modify. Counselors then teach client skills to help them cope with stress, and then the clients practice these new skills.

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53
Q

Who developed cognitive therapy?

A

Aaron Beck

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54
Q

What is the assumption behind cognitive therapy?

A

That peoples emotions and behaviors are a direct result of their cognitions

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55
Q

What are automatic thoughts in regards to cognitive therapy?

A

Immediate, unhealthy internal cognitions.

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56
Q

What is distorted thinking in regards to cognitive therapy?

A

Inaccurate thoughts or ideas that maintain dysfunctional thinking and negative emotions

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57
Q

What are some different types of distorted thinking in regards to cognitive therapy?

A

Dichotomous thinking – all or nothing thinking.

Selective abstraction – focus only on the negative aspects.

Overgeneralization –reaching a conclusion based on limited information or experience.

Magnification - exaggerating personal flaws or situations.

Labeling – define themselves according to perceived imperfections.

Mind reading – people believe that they know what others are thinking about them without any evidence.

Negative predictions – anticipate, without any evidence, that something bad will happen and then alter their behaviors accordingly.

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58
Q

What is the primary goal of cognitive therapy?

A

To assist clients and identifying their automatic thoughts so that they can be challenged and changed.

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59
Q

What are some techniques in regards to cognitive therapy?

A

Cognitive rehearsal

Homework

Scriptotherapy - therapeutic writing

Thought stopping

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60
Q

What was rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) formerly known as?

And Who developed it?

A

Rational emotive therapy (RET)

Albert Ellis

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61
Q

What was Albert Ellis’sproposition about a persons beliefs?

A

He believed that rational or irrational beliefs are what produce people’s emotional responses to any given event. Essentially, people experience emotions because they judge events to be either positive or negative in relationship to their personal objectives.

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62
Q

What is one of the primary goals of REBT?

A

To dispute peoples irrational beliefs and help them change their musts, shoulds, wants, and wishes.

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63
Q

What are the ABCD’s of our REBT?

A

A) is the activating event or experience that elicits negativity or unease.

B) peoples beliefs systems that can be either rational or irrational in response to (A).

C) The consequence that is either a beneficial or detrimental emotion.

D) disputing the irrational beliefs must happen next.

E) effective new philosophy follows that allows people to replace there irrational beliefs with rational beliefs.

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64
Q

What are some of the techniques in REBT?

A

Reverse role playing

Rational emotive imagery

Emotional control cards

Shame attack exercise

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65
Q

Who developed reality therapy?

What theory is it based on?

A

William Glasser

Choice theory

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66
Q

What is the basic premise of choice theory?

A

People make choices to meet their five basic needs which are

Survival

Belonging

Power

Freedom

Fun

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67
Q

Where do most client problems stem from according to choice theory?

A

They stem from a lack of relationships or relationships that failed to meet our belonging needs

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68
Q

What is the role of the counselor in reality therapy?

A

They serve as educators and models

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69
Q

What is the WDEP system in reality therapy?

A

It was created by Robert Wubbolding as a procedure for applying the principles of reality therapy to clinical practice. It helps clients identify and satisfy their basic needs for a four step process.

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70
Q

What does the WDEP system stand for?

A

W) wants

D) doing

E) evaluation

P) plan

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71
Q

What theories represents the first force of counseling?

A

Psychodynamic theories

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72
Q

What theories represents the second force of counseling?

A

Cognitive behavioral theories

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73
Q

What series represent the third force of counseling?

A

Humanistic existential theories

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74
Q

What do you humanistic counselors believe in?

A

Human goodness and the ability of all individuals to strive toward self actualization given the proper environment.

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75
Q

What is existential counseling?

A

It assists clients in addressing universal questions about life, death, and freedom and helps them find meaning in their lives.

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76
Q

Who developed client centered counseling or a person centered therapy?

A

Carl Rogers

77
Q

What does person centered therapy use in the counseling process?

A

It downplays the use of techniques, instead focusing on the development of a trusting, genuine, and accepting therapeutic relationship to facilitate change.

78
Q

What does phenomenological perspective in regards to client centered counseling mean?

A

It focuses on how clients perceive an event rather than the event itself

79
Q

What are the core conditions of counseling?

A

Genuineness/congruence

Respect/ unconditional positive regard

Empathy

80
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

When counselors accept and prize clients no matter what.

81
Q

Who created Gestalt therapy?

A

Fritz Perls

82
Q

What does gestalt mean?

A

And organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.

83
Q

How does Gestalt therapy attempt to help people?

A

By facilitating an awareness of their most important needs and what they must do to allay these needs.

84
Q

Who pioneered existential counseling?

A

Victor Frankl and Rollo May

85
Q

What is free will in regards to existential counseling?

A

It maintains that everyone has the ability to change their lives and their actions to create a healthy, meaningful life.

86
Q

What is logotherapy?

A

An approach created by Victor Frankl that focuses on individuals’ search for meaning in their lives through achievement or creation, suffering, and experiencing and appreciating people in the world around them.

87
Q

What is an existential vacuum?

A

Meaninglessness

88
Q

What is paradoxical intention in regards to existential counseling?

A

It involves prescribing the symptoms.

89
Q

What did Rollo May say about anxiety?

A

He believed it is beneficial to experience moderate amounts of anxiety. But that too much anxiety causes people to avoid certain activities and actions.

90
Q

Who proposed that most individual issues stem from facing existential dilemmas?

A

Irvin Yalom

91
Q

What is a contact boundary in regards to Gestalt therapy?

A

How a person makes contact and interacts with his or her environment is essential to understanding that person. So a contact boundary is any social interaction or contact with the community.

92
Q

What is unfinished business in regards to Gestalt therapy?

A

The past which remains in the presence

93
Q

What is the difference between experiments and exercises in Gestalt techniques?

A

Experiments are conducted spontaneously where is exercises are pre-planned

94
Q

What are some examples of exercises used by Gestalt therapists?

A

Psycho drama, - having clients play a variety of roles simultaneously, which allows them to engage in discussions with conflicting parts of their personalities. Helps clients understand their internal conflicts.

role-playing, -

the empty chair technique - when clients are asked to talk to someone with whom they are in conflict.

95
Q

What is the role of a Gestalt counselor?

A

A facilitator, but must also be willing to frustrate and confront clients when it is determined that clients are not being genuine or taking responsibility for themselves

96
Q

What is ‘here and now’ therapy in regards to Gestalt techniques?

A

It encourages client to discuss only what is bothering them in the present moment.

97
Q

What is social constructionism?

A

A theory that refers to an individual making meaning of knowledge within a social context

98
Q

What is a strength-based perspective?

A

A multicultural counseling approach that focuses on honing in and building on clients strengths and successes to initiate change.

99
Q

What are the post modern theories of counseling?

A

Narrative therapy and solution focused brief therapy.

100
Q

Who created narrative therapy?

A

Michael White and David Epston.

101
Q

What are self narratives?

A

Peoples constructions of stories about themselves and their lives

102
Q

What are problems saturated stories?

A

Self narratives that are harmful and detrimental to someone’s well-being.

103
Q

What are dominant narratives?

A

Cultural customs that adversely affect their lives such as sexism, racism, ages them.

104
Q

What is a thin description in regards to narrative therapy?

A

A self-narrative imposed on a person by others that the individual then internalized.

105
Q

What is a thick description in regards to narrative therapy?

A

Involves clients interpretations of themselves and the labels put on them by others. They are more complex and detailed and than thin descriptions.

106
Q

What is a problem externalization in regards to narrative therapy?

A

A technique used in narrative therapy in which the counselor seeks to help clients distance themselves from their problems. Problems in relation to clients, are seen as separate, outside entities. Counselors use externalizing questions to separate the problem from the client.

107
Q

What is a unique outcome in regards to narrative therapy?

A

When narrative therapist ask clients to identify times when their problems were not present or were less pronounced.

108
Q

What are some narrative therapy techniques?

A

Outside witnesses - therapists may bring in outside witnesses to observe a session and then talk about what they heard, what they connected with, and what affected them.

Therapeutic letters – therapists write these following sessions to highlight important moments and review what was discussed in the session.

109
Q

What is a definitional ceremony in regards to narrative therapy?

A

When clients tell their new stories to an audience. This helps clients thicken their stories.

110
Q

Who developed solution focused brief therapy?

A

Steve de Shazer

111
Q

What is solution focused brief therapy based on?

A

That all individuals possess the ability and resources to solve their problems

112
Q

What is the counselors role in solution focused brief therapy?

A

A counselor’s role is to collaborate with clients to help them a nurse these potential solutions. They believe the clients are the experts.

113
Q

What are the solution focused brief therapy core beliefs?

A

If clients are already doing something that works, they should continue doing it

If clients try something that does not work, they should stop doing it and try something else

If clients try something that works, they should do more of it

114
Q

What are the three categorizations of clients and solution focused brief therapy?

A

Visitors – clients who are not ready or willing to change.

Complainants – clients who recognize the existence of a problem and can define it but have not yet to commit to solving it.

Customers – clients who recognize that a problem needs to be fixed and are committed to finding a solution.

115
Q

What are some solution focused brief therapy techniques?

A

Exception questions

The miracle question

Scaling questions

positive blame

Skeleton keys

116
Q

What is positive blame in regards to solution focused brief therapy technique?

A

It is used to reinforce clients capabilities when they successfully make a change or engage in a behavior that brings them closer to their goal. For example “how did you do that,?” “what did you do that prevented the conversation from turning into a fight?”

117
Q

What are skeleton keys in regards to solution focused brief therapy techniques?

A

Techniques that have worked before and that have universal application

118
Q

What was one of the earliest theories of family counseling?

A

Psychodynamic model developed by Nathan Ackerman

119
Q

What is General systems theory?

A

It provides a basic framework for understanding the interactions and issues that occur within family systems. Families are viewed as complex, organized systems, with each member influencing and being influenced by other members.

120
Q

What is circular causality?

A

A general systems theory term to describe when family members influence each other

121
Q

What purpose to boundaries serve and family systems?

A

They help to separate the family system from outsiders and define roles and responsibilities within a family unit.

122
Q

What are open and closed systems in a family system?

A

Open family systems have flexible boundaries, are open to change, and have ongoing interaction and involvement with their communities.

Close to family systems have rigid boundaries, our averse to change, and cordon themselves off from the outside world.

123
Q

What is the premise of Bowen family systems therapy?

A

People are affected by their family of origin and they must resolve any issues from their childhood to keep from repeating dysfunctional patterns of interaction in future relationships.

124
Q

According to Bowen family systems therapy, what are the eight elements influencing a family’s operation?

A

Differentiation of self

Triangles

The nuclear family emotional system

The family projection process

The multi generational transmission process

Emotional cut off

Sibling position

Societal regression

125
Q

What is differentiation of self?

A

Peoples ability to separate themselves from their family of origin without cutting themselves off from their families.

126
Q

What is the difference between a differentiated person versus an undifferentiated person?

A

A differentiated person is able to encounter emotionally charged family situations and balance emotions with logic and rationality.

And undifferentiated person is highly dependent on the family and easily affected by family conflicts and emotional tension.

127
Q

What is a triangle in regards to the relationship system of a family?

A

It is made up of three people. A family creates a triangle went to members who are experiencing an uncomfortable amount of stress in their relationship draw in a third member to help release emotional tension.

128
Q

What is the nuclear family emotional system?

A

A part of the Bowen family systems therapy, it is formed on the basis of parental subsystems degree of differentiation. Individuals are normally attracted to partners who have the same level of differentiation as they do.

129
Q

What is the family projection process?

A

Occurs when undifferentiated parents project there tension and anxiety onto their most susceptible or sensitive child.

130
Q

What is the multi generational transmission process that is associated with Bowen family systems therapy?

A

The transmission of low levels of differentiation from generation to generation

131
Q

What is emotional cut off in Bowen family systems therapy?

A

When a person tries to emotionally cut themselves off from their family. This can be done in a variety of ways, such as moving, refusing to talk, we’re only interacting on a surface level.

132
Q

What is sibling position in relation to Bowen family systems theory?

A

Sibling position substantially affects the personality traits a person develops. Marriages work best when spousal roles match the partner sibling position from their families of origin.

133
Q

What is societal regression in regards to Bowen family systems theory?

A

It occurs when a society that is experiencing too much stress regresses in its level of differentiation.

134
Q

What are some Bowen family systems techniques?

A

Genograms - Visual representations of approximately three generations of a family. Includes information such as members names, ages, my marriage dates, divorced dates, dates of death, important events, and symbols to describe relationship patterns, fusion, and emotional cut off.

Back home visits - recommended for clients who had unresolved issues with their family of origin. Ultimate goal is to increase the clients differentiation.

Detriangulation - Learning how to avoid becoming involved in triangles and how to avoid triangulating others.

135
Q

What is experiential family counseling?

A

An approach that is less concerned with techniques and more concerned with establishing a genuine relationship with clients and helping them bring their problems into the here and now.

136
Q

What are two types of experiential family counseling?

A

Symbolic – experiential family therapy

Human validation process model

137
Q

Who developed symbolic – experience of family therapy?

A

Carl Whitaker

138
Q

What is the aim of symbolic – experiential family therapy?

A

To help families strike a balance between independence and togetherness and learn how to interact with each other in a meaningful and natural way, while moving away from the tendency to behave in the same monotonous patterns that led to the dysfunction.

139
Q

Who created the human validation process model?

A

Virginia Satir

140
Q

What is the aim of the human validation process model?

A

Symptoms are viewed as ways to preserve the family’s homeostasis and as obstructions to growth. Thus, these blockages must be unclogged to allow development to occur.

141
Q

In the human validation process model, what are the four types of dysfunctional communication patterns?

A

Placaters – agree with and try to please everyone. They also mollify people, are unsure of themselves, and often lacks self-confidence.

Blamers – our critical of other people, charge others with wrongdoing, and failed to take any responsibility for their actions.

Intellectualizes or super reasonable – approach situations in a detached manner, rationalizing everything and never allowing their emotions to be shown.

Distractors – want to avoid dealing with situations, so they distract others by introducing and related, your relevant topics.

142
Q

What is the human validation process model trying to get family members to do in regards to their communication?

A

Become congruent communicators who send clear messages and verbal comments matching their nonverbal behavior and internal thoughts and feelings.

143
Q

What is family sculpting in the human validation process model?

A

A technique used to help the counselor and the family more fully understand one family member’s impression of family relationships. The counselor asks a family member to physically arrange the entire family in the room.

144
Q

Who developed strategic family therapy?

A

Milton Erickson

145
Q

What are the four steps of strategic family therapy?

A

Define the problem

Ask family members to discuss what they have done to try to solve the problem for themselves

Establish the goal of counseling for the family

Develop a strategy to help the family reach its goal

146
Q

What is the aim of strategic family therapy?

A

To resolve the problem as quickly as possible by reframing the families problem in a positive and constructive light, giving the family hope and control over their situation.

147
Q

Which family therapy approach does strategic family therapy adhere to?

A

General systems theory

148
Q

What are some concepts integral to strategic family therapy?

A

Quid pro quo

The redundancy principal

Punctuation

Symmetrical relationships or complementary relationships

149
Q

What is quid pro quo in relation to strategic family therapy?

A

Refers to the propensity of individuals to treat others as they themselves are treated.

150
Q

What is the redundancy principal in strategic family therapy?

A

Family members tend to interact with each other in the same way and it is an usual for those patterns to change.

151
Q

What is punctuation in strategic family therapy?

A

Refers to the conviction by individuals that they are verbal communication, especially during a conflict, occurs in reaction to someone else.

152
Q

What is a symmetrical relationship in strategic family therapy?

A

Relationships in a family between equals. These types of relationships may become competitive because there is no dominant member.

153
Q

What is a complimentary relationship and strategic family therapy?

A

Relationships in a family between unequals, where one member is one down in the other is one up.

154
Q

What are some strategic family therapy techniques?

A

Relabeling or reframing

Paradoxical intention, also known as prescribing the symptoms

Directives

Ordeals

Pretend technique

155
Q

What is relabeling or reframing in strategic family therapy?

A

Involves interpreting a family situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more favorable light

156
Q

What is an ordeal in regards to strategic family therapy techniques?

A

It is a paradoxical technique that asks the family to complete an undesirable but health promoting task before participating in their worrisome behavior.

157
Q

What is the pretend technique and strategic family therapy?

A

Clients are encouraged to simulate their symptoms. In this way they realize they are able to exert some control over what they say and do.

158
Q

What is the focus of the Milan systemic family counseling?

A

Exploring family members perceptions of each other and their interactional patterns, as well as asking questions to increase their awareness of unhealthy family behaviors.

159
Q

What does long brief therapy mean in regards to the Milan systemic family counseling approach?

A

Counselors only meet with families once per month. However, they meet with the family for up to 12 months.

160
Q

What are positive connotations in regards to the Milan systemic family counseling approach?

A

It is a concept similar to relabeling or reframing where counselors attach positive motives to a family members problematic behavior.

161
Q

What is a paradox in regards to the milansystemic family counseling approach?

A

It is used to interfere with games that family members playing to exert control over one another, it is also used to address the family paradox of coming to therapy for help but then not wanting to make any changes.

162
Q

What is counterparadox in regards to the milan systemic family counseling approach?

A

It asks family members not to change too quickly and helps the family avoid resistance.

163
Q

What are some of the milan systemic family counseling techniques?

A

Circular questioning

Hypothesizing

Neutrality

Ritual prescriptions

164
Q

Who developed structural family counseling?

A

Salvador minuchin

165
Q

What is structural family counseling concerned with?

A

Examining and changing the structure and organization of families, including their hierarchies and subsystems.

166
Q

What does structure mean in regards to structural family counseling?

A

It refers to how a family organizes itself. It could involve elements such as how members interact with one another, family rules and rituals, who exerts authority, how permeable the boundaries are, and wet subsystems exist.

167
Q

What are the most desirable boundaries in regards to structural family counseling?

A

Foundries should be semi permeable and clearly delineated, allowing for a balance between autonomy and involvement with the family unit.

168
Q

What are alignments, power, and coalitions in structural family counseling?

A

Alignments – alliances between family members

Power – who exerts a sorority and a family in different situations

Coalitions – when some family members form an alignment against another family member

169
Q

What are some structural family counseling techniques?

A

Joining - when the counselor first meets the family, they imitate the manner, style, effective range, or content of its communications in order to solidify the therapeutic alliance.

Structural maps - Visual representations I have a families coalitions, alignment, boundaries, and conflicts.

Enactment - The deliberate process by which the counselor encourage is the family to play out it’s a problem in the session.

Reframing - reframe a problem to sound more positive.

Restructuring - involves actively working to change the structure of a family system

Unbalancing - technique used to better establish a proper family hierarchy

170
Q

Who was the first proponent of integrated counseling approach?

A

Frederick Thorne

171
Q

What is the primary aim of integrated counseling?

A

To transcend the confines of using single theoretical approaches through the integration of several, diverse psychological theories and techniques into one combined approach to therapy. It is used intentionally for the purpose of enhancing the practice of counseling and client outcomes.

172
Q

What are the four main approaches to integrative counseling?

A

Technical integration – eases techniques from a wide range of theories

Theoretical integration – goes beyond blending techniques and strives to combine two or more series into a unified framework

Assimilative integration - adhere to one primary theoretical approach but maintain the flexibility to selectively use techniques from additional theoretical approaches when needed

Common factors approach – use factors common across all theoretical approaches

173
Q

Who developed multi modal therapy?

A

Arnold Lazarus

174
Q

In multimodal therapy, clients are assessed in seven domains, which can be easily remembered by the acronym: BASIC ID

What does this stand for?

A

Behavior

Affect

Sensations

Imagery

Cognitions

Interpersonal relationships

Drugs, biological functions, nutrition, exercise

175
Q

What is the purpose of the assessment of the seven domains in the multi modal therapy?

A

By determining which domains clients think they need the most assistance with, counselors develop a multi modal treatment plan that draws techniques and interventions from myriad theories to target the concerns in each domain.

176
Q

What is bridging in multimodal therapy?

A

A technique used when counselors match their approach to a clients preferred to domain in order to strengthen the therapeutic alliance and increase the clients comfort with the counseling process.

177
Q

What is the firing sequence and multimodal therapy?

A

When a client indicates a stressor, the counselor works with the client to determine the chain of events that led to the stressor. Knowing the sequence, the counselor can implement techniques that address the clients needs.

178
Q

What theory does child centered play therapy adhere to?

A

Rogers client centered therapy

179
Q

What disorder is EMDR particularly beneficial?

A

PTSD

180
Q

What is the process of EMDR?

A

The therapist helps the client access a troubling memory.

The therapist helps the client name of the emotions and physiological sensations experienced with the memory.

The client and therapist identify a cognitive distortion created because of the incomplete processing. A positive believe that we replace the negative belief.

The therapist applies bilateral stimulation, activating both hemispheres of the brain, to process the memory.

The bilateral stimulation continues until the client has successfully processed the event.

Success means there is no remaining affective disturbance or unwanted physiological sensations and that the positive cognition has replaced the negative belief.

181
Q

What is transactional analysis?

A

A cognitive theory with roots in psychoanalysis. It examines how clients interact with others and that clients can change their styles of interaction to improve functioning.

182
Q

What is the life script in regards to transactional analysis?

A

Refers to a script individuals develop at a young age based on their interactions with others, which forms a blueprint for future interactions with people.

183
Q

What is the parent ego state in regards to transactional analysis?

A

Characterized by either criticism or nurturance of others and is often based on people’s experiences with their parents when they were growing up and what they learned about how people should and should not behave.

184
Q

What is the adult ego state in regards to transactional analysis?

A

characterized by rational thought and the absence of emotions in decision making.

185
Q

What is the child ego state in regards to transactional analysis?

A

Characterized by youthful behavior and qualities such as playfulness and spontaneity, called the natural child, and obedience and inhibition called the adapted child.

186
Q

What are the three different transactions between people in the transactional analysis theory?

A

Complementary transactions – occur when two people interact with each other using the same, or complementary, ego state.

Crossed transactions – occur when someone functions from an ego state that is undesirable or unsuitable for the others wants or needs.

Ulterior transactions – occur when people seemingly operate from one ego state but are actually just concealing their true ego state.

187
Q

What type of therapy is dialectical behavior therapy?

A

It is a cognitive behavioral therapy originally created for the treatment of chronically suicidal clients.

188
Q

What are the four skills that client learned through dialectical behavior therapy?

A

Mindfulness

Distress tolerance

Emotion regulation

Interpersonal effectiveness

189
Q

What kind of therapy is acceptance and commitment therapy?

A

It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that emphasizes acceptance and mindfulness processes.

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