Helminths (Worms) Flashcards
Worms
What causes Enterobiasis?
Enterobius Vermicularis
What is the most common Helminthic infection in the U.S.?
Enterobiasis
Maximal Prevalence in school-age children?
Enterobiasis
Common within families?
Enterobiasis
Nocturnal perianal pruritus common?
Enterobiasis
What determines symptoms of helminth infections?
Worm burden
How is enterobius vermicularis detected?
- Tape test
- Scotch tape test
- Pinworm paddle test
When do you get the greatest yield of enterobius vermicularis?
at night or first thing in the morning, prior to bathing
When is diagnosis of enterobiasis certain w/o laboratory testing needed?
if clearly moving 8-13 mm long pinworm is seen in the perianal area
What is the treatment for Enterobiasis?
- Mebendazole (100 mg) - single dose
- Albendazole (400 mg)- single dose
- Pyrantel pamoate (11 mg/kg, to max 1g)- single dose - MC
When is the dose repeated for a enterobiasis infection?
2 weeks due to frequent reinfection
Which treatment is frequently used in U.S. due to be cheap and OTC for enterobiasis?
Pyrantel pamoate
Schistosomiasis is caused by what?
Parasitic blood fluke (Biharziasis) (Trematode)
Where does bilharziasis live?
freshwater snails
What comes from swimming in contaminated water?
Schistosomiasis
What are two signs of ACUTE infection caused by schistosomiasis?
- Swimmers itch
- Katayama Fever
What symptoms are seen in CHRONIC schistosomiasis infection?
- organ system involvement
- intestinal (S. mansoni and S. japonicum)
- genitourinary tract (S. haematobium)
What organism invades the bladder?
S. haematobium
What is Gold Standard for diagnosing schistosomiasis?
demonstration of eggs in the stool or urine via microscopy
What is the treatment for Chronic schistosomiasis?
Praziquantel (Biltricide)
What is the treatment for Acute schistosomiasis?
Prednisolone and praziquantel
What causes Fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke)
What can you get from digesting metacercariae on watercress/ aquatic vegetables?
Fascioliasis
What organism loves to settle in the gallbladder?
Fasciola hepatica
What is the diagnosis for fascioliasis?
find eggs in stool under microscope
What is the treatment for fascioliasis?
Triclabendazole- CDC
What is the most important fluke?
Paragonimus westermani
Comes from consuming raw, undercooked, or pickled freshwater shellfish?
Paragonimiasis
What organism loves to hang out in the lungs, causing brown sputum, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain late in infection?
paragonimus westermani
What is the diagnosis for paragonimiasis?
Paragonimus eggs in sputum
What is the treatment for paragonimiasis?
Praziquantel or Triclabendazole
Beef tapeworm?
Taenia saginata
Pork tapeworm?
Taenia solium
Fish tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum
Dwarf tapeworm?
Hymenolepis nana
What is the largest tapeworm?
Diphyllobothrium latum (12m)
What is the smallest tapeworm?
Hymenolepis nana ( 4cm, 1mm)
What is the most common human tapeworm infection worldwide?
Hymenolepsis nana
Which worm causes megaloblastic anemia?
Diphyllobothrium latum
Which worm has a affinity for Vitamin B12?
Diphyllobothrium latum
Worm in children that causes crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, and pruritus ani?
Hymenolepsis nana
How do you diagnosis Diphyllobothriasis?
megaloblastic anemia/vitamin B12 deficiency
How do you diagnosis every cestodes?
identifying eggs or proglottids in the stool
What is the treatment for cestodes?
Praziquantel
What is a invasive cestode infection called?
Cysticercosis
How do you get Cysticercosis?
- swallowing regurgitated proglottids
- fecal/ oral ( not from eating pork)
What is cysticercosis in the brain called?
neurocysticercosis
How do you diagnosis cysticercosis?
clinical presentation and radiographic imaging
What is the treatment for cysticercosis?
complicated and controversial
What is the most common helminthic human infection worldwide?
Ascariasis
How do you diagnosis ascariasis?
via stool microscopy
How do you treat ascariasis?
albendazole or mebendazole
What causes Ascariasis?
Ascaris lumbricoides
What causes trichuriasis?
Trichuris trichiura
What causes hookworm disease?
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Rectal prolapse
Trichuriasis
Diagnosis Trichuriasis
stool examination for eggs
Treatment for Trichuriasis?
mebendazole or albendazole
“Ground itch”
hookworm disease
Causes blood loss
Hookworm dx
Diagnosis hookworm?
eggs in stool
Treatment for hookworm?
albendazole or mebendazole
What inhabits the lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues
Lymphatic Filariasis
Diagnose Lymphatic Filariasis?
- Circulating Filarial antigen (CFA) assay
(W. bancrofti ONLY) - Blood Smears (at night)
(B. malayi and B. timori)
What is the treatment for lymphatic filariasis?
diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
How is Loa Loa transmitted?
biting deerflies (Chrysops)
What are the 2 cardinal manifestations for Loa Loa?
- Transient localized subcutaneous swellings (Calabar swellings)
- Subconjunctiva of the eye
Diagnosis of Loa Loa?
- visualizing the organism
- Serology
Treatment for Loa Loa?
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
What causes Cutaneous Larva Migrans?
Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma caninum (human infection w/ dog or cat hookworm larvae)
Erythematous migrating linear or serpiginous cutaneous track?
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Diagnosis for cutaneous larva migrans?
clinical hx and physical findings
Treatment for cutaneous larva migrans?
ivermectin or albendazole
Where does the adult Schistosomiasis thrive?
Small Intestine
