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1
Q

It binds the hormone estradiol

A

A1- fetoprotein

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2
Q

A1 fetoprotein produced by

A

Developinn embryo and fetus / parenchymal cells of the liver

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3
Q

A1 fetoprotein decreases

A

✓ after birth
✓ down syndrome
✓ Edward syndrom

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4
Q

A1- fetoprotein increases

A

✓ neural defects
✓ abdominal wall defect
✓ fetal distress

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5
Q

Reference method for quantification of lp

A

Ultracentrifugation method

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6
Q

Most commonly used support medium of electrophoretic method

A

Agarose gel

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7
Q

_________ It usually visualizd with lipid- staining dye such as Oil red O

A

Lp electrophoretogram

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8
Q

Fxn of apolipoprotein

A

✓ helps maintain the structural integrity of lp
✓ serves as ligands for cell receptor
✓ aid in the solubilization of lipids

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9
Q

It is due to defective Apo B synthesis

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

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10
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is also known as

A

Bassen- kornweig syndrome

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11
Q

______,______,_______ are all NOT found in plasma in abetalipoproteinemia

A

VLDL, LDL, CM

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12
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is characterized by

A

Cerebral ataxia
Acanthocytosis
Fat malabsorption

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13
Q

Proteolytic fragments of collagen 1 formed during bone resorption

A

Cross- linked C-telopeptides

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14
Q

T or F:
Cross- linked C-telopeptides is the biochemical marker of bone resorption

A

True

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15
Q

Test associated with cross- linked C- telopeptides is mostly useful for monitoring the

A

Response to anti-resorptive therapy or in the destruction of bone tissue

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16
Q

Tests for ketones

A

✓ Gerhardt’s test
✓ Sodium nitroprusside test
✓ enzymatic test

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17
Q

It detects 3-B-hydroxybutyric acid ot acetoacetic acid

A

Enzymatic test

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18
Q

Enzymatic test uses

A

3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase

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19
Q

Ferric chloride reacted with acetoacetic acid to produce a red color

A

Gerhardt’s test

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20
Q

Reacts with acetoacetic acid to produce a purple color

A

Sodium nitroprusside test

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21
Q

Largest and least dense lp particles

A

Chylomicrons

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22
Q

Chylomicrons contains

A

Apo B-48

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23
Q

Glucose reacts with O2 and H2O to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

The hydrogen peroxide will then reacts with a chromogenic substance yo produce oxide chromogen and water

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

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24
Q

Unique characteristics that are seen in px with cirrhosis

A

Beta-gamma bridging

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25
Q

It transport iron and prevents loss or iron through the kidney

A

Transferrin

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26
Q

T or F:
The amount of transferrin indicates the amount of iron in the body

A

True

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27
Q

Major component of b-globulin fraction

A

Transferrin

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28
Q

Transferrin increases when

A

✓ iron deficiency anemia
✓ hemochromatosis or bronze diabetes

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29
Q

Transferrin decreases

A

✓ inflammation like liver dsx
✓malnutrition
✓ Nephrotic syndrome

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30
Q

It involves reduction of yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose

A

Alkaline ferric reduction method

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31
Q

Alkaline ferric reduction method is also known as

A

Hagedorn Jensen

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32
Q

Hagedorn Jensen principle:

A

Inverse colorimetry

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33
Q

Reagent used in neocuprein method

A

2.9-dimethyl-1,10- phenantroline hydrochloride

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34
Q

It is used for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in the body fluids like body and urine

A

Benedict’s method

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35
Q

Benedict’s method:

A

Brick red precipitate

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36
Q

Stabilizing agent of Benedict’s method

A

Citrate or tartrate

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37
Q

Commonly usse to measure blood glucose

A

Enzymatic method

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38
Q

Also known as sinking pre-b lp

A

Lp (a)

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39
Q

Lp (a) elevates in

A

Premature coronary heart dsx and stroke

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40
Q

Lp (a) measures

A

HDL and LDL

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41
Q

T or F:
Lp (a) has homology with plasminogen

A

True

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42
Q

Cause of failure to thrive syndrome in infants, diarrhea, and vomiting

A

Galactosemia

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43
Q

Galactosemia:

A

Increased level of galactose in plasma

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44
Q

Deficient enzyme in galactosemia

A

✓ galactose-1- phosphate uridyltransferase
✓ galactokinase
✓ uridine diphosphate galactosr-4- epimerase

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45
Q

Lab test used for galactosemia

A

Erythrocytes galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity

46
Q

Lab findings in galactosemia

A

✓ hypoglycemia
✓ hyperbilirubinemia
✓ galactose accumulation in the blood, urine, tissue

47
Q

Screening of GDM should be performed between

A

24-28 weeks of gestation

48
Q

Abnormal lipid concentration in the blood

A

Dyslipidemia

49
Q

Three enzyme system are commonly used to measure glucose

A

✓ glucose dehydrogenase
✓ glucose oxidase
✓ hexokinase

50
Q

Increased in plasma concentration

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

51
Q

Decreased in plasma concentration

A

Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis

52
Q

Lipids and Lps are intimately involved in the development of

A

Atherosclerosis

53
Q

A portion of heart stops beating because it doesn’t receive enough O2 supply

A

Myocardial infarction

54
Q

Enzymes used in Glucose dehydrogenase method

A

✓ mutarotase
✓ glucose dehydrogenase
✓ diaphorase

55
Q

The amount of NDAH in glucose dehydrogenase method is _______ to amount of glucose in the sample

A

Proportional

56
Q

Folin Wu method:

A

Phosphomolybdic acid or phosphomolydenum blue

57
Q

It decreasez intestinal entry into the cell

A

Glucocorticoids

58
Q

Glucocorticoids is also known as

A

Cortisol

59
Q

Glucocorticoids increases in

A

Gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

60
Q

Primarily located on the surface of lipoprotein particles

A

Apolipoprotein

61
Q

Formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+ ions and peptide bonds

A

Biuret method

62
Q

The absorbance of cheltin biuret method is measured at

A

540 nm

63
Q

T or F:
Biuret method is thr routine method in total protein that requires atleast 2 peptide bond and an alkalinr medium

A

True

64
Q

It measures the rate of oxygen consumption which is proportional to glucose concentration

A

Polagraphic glucose oxidase

65
Q

Most specific Glucose method and considered the reference method

A

Hexokinase method

66
Q

Why does hexokinase method considered the most specific Glucose method

A

Because of its coupling enzyme which is the G-6-PD

67
Q

Also knowsn as good cholesterol or alpha-lp

A

HDL

68
Q

Smalles and most dense lp particles

A

HDL

69
Q

HDL contains

A

Apo A1

70
Q

T or F:
HDL has the anti-atherogenic property

A

True

71
Q

HDL synthesized by both

A

Liver and intestines

72
Q

Two major types of HDL

A

HDL2 and HDL3

73
Q

Difference between HDL2 & HDL3

A

HDL2 is larger and richer in lipid than HDL3

74
Q

Used to describe indiv for whom the cause of hypocholesterolemia is likely MULTIFACTORIAL

A

Polygenic (non familial) hypercholesterolemia

75
Q

Major carriers of ENDOGENOUS tag and transfer tag

A

VLDL

76
Q

VLDL are produced by the

A

Liver

77
Q

VLDL contains

A

Apo B100, apo E, and apo C

78
Q

VLDL is negative for

A

Creamy top layer

79
Q

VLDL is also known as

A

Pre-beta lp

80
Q

Also known as bad cholesterol or beta-lp

A

LDL

81
Q

LDL contains

A

Apo B100

82
Q

LDL is synthesized in the

A

Liver

83
Q

LDL is thr culprit to hypercholesterolemia leading to

A

Atherosclerosis

84
Q

LDL that Can infiltrate into extracellular space if the vessel wall are taken up by the macrophages

A

Foam cells

85
Q

LpX is found in

A

Obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency

86
Q

Beta VLDL accumulates in

A

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia ( familial dysbetalipoproteinemia)

87
Q

Beta-VLDL is also known as

A

Floating beta-lp

88
Q

Caused by defective or deficient LDL-receptor gene on chromosome 19

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

89
Q

An extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder wherein phytosterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissue

A

Sitosterolemia

90
Q

Sitosterolemia results from mutations in ____or_____ which are located at _______

A

ABCG8 or ABCG5
Chromosome 2p21

91
Q

It is due to apo B deficiency resulting from point mutation in apo B

A

Hypobetalipoproteinemia

92
Q

Hypobetalipoproteinemia decreases in

A

LDL-C and total cholesterol

93
Q

Rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by very low level of HDL due go mutation of ABCA1 gene on chromosome 9

A

Tangier disease

94
Q

Hypobetalipoproteinemia affects

A

LDL

95
Q

Tangier disease affects

A

HDL

96
Q

Serum protein electrophoresis contains five bands

A
  1. Albumin travels farthest to the anode
  2. A1- globulin
  3. A2- globulin
  4. B-globulin
  5. Gamma-globulin
97
Q

Most common used spx in glucose measurements

A

Serum and plasma

98
Q

Condensation method
Ortho-toluidine ( dubowski method):

A

Green colored end product

99
Q

Inhibition of protease neutophil elastase which id released from leukocytes to fight infxn

A

A1- antitrypsin

100
Q

causes ______ when A1-antitrysinjs not controlled

A

Emphysema

101
Q

What causes A1-antitrysin deficiency

A

Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene

102
Q

A1-antitrysin increases in

A

✓ inflammatory rxn
✓ pregnancy
✓ contraceptive use

103
Q

It is the major component of a1- globulin fraction

A

A1-antitrysin

104
Q

Electrophoresis is based on the migration from

A

Point of origin towards anode

105
Q

Negatively charged electrode

A

Cathode

106
Q

HDL migrates in

A

Alpha region

107
Q

VLDL migrates in

A

Pre bera region

108
Q

LDL migrates in

A

Beta region

109
Q

Inhibitis insulin secretion

A

Epinephrine

110
Q

Epinephrine increases in

A

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

111
Q

Recently proposed as a new sensitive endogenous serum market for the gfr

A

Cystatin C

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